Sunday, November 1, 2026

K-TET EXAM MARCH 2023 SOLVED QUESTION PAPER CATEGORY - III - NATURAL SCIENCE

 

  1. Immunoglobulins are of —- types

(A) 3

(B) 4

(C) 5

(D) 6

Ans: C

There are five main types of immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, each playing distinct roles in the immune system. Immunoglobulins, or antibodies, are proteins produced by the immune system to defend the body against harmful substances. Here's a brief overview of the five main types:


  1. IgA (Immunoglobulin A): Found in mucous membranes, particularly in the respiratory and digestive tracts, as well as in saliva and tears. IgA helps prevent pathogens from entering the body.

  2. IgD (Immunoglobulin D): Primarily found on the surface of B cells, where it assists in the initiation of immune responses. 

  3. IgE (Immunoglobulin E): Involved in allergic reactions and defence against parasites. IgE is often associated with conditions like allergies and asthma.

  4. IgG (Immunoglobulin G): The most abundant antibody, found in blood and extracellular fluid. It provides long-term immunity by recognizing and neutralizing a wide range of pathogens like bacteria and viruses.

  5. IgM (Immunoglobulin M): Often the first antibody produced in response to an infection. It is present in blood and helps activate other parts of the immune system.

These immunoglobulins work together to mount effective immune responses against various threats to the body's health.


 2. In Krebs cycle, the membrane bound enzyme in mitochondria is :

(A) Cis-aconitase

(B) Fumerase

(C) Malate dehydrogenase

(D) Succinate dehydrogenase

Ans: D

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a central component of cellular respiration. Here are some key enzymes in the Krebs cycle, along with their functions and positions:


1. Citrate Synthase:  Found in the mitochondrial matrix, citrate synthase catalyzes the formation of citrate from acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. This step initiates the Krebs cycle.

2. Aconitase: Also located in the mitochondrial matrix, aconitase catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate, a step involving the isomerization of the citrate molecule.

3. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase: Positioned in the mitochondrial matrix, this enzyme catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate while generating NADH and CO2 in the process.

4. Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex: Similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, this enzyme complex is also found in the mitochondrial matrix. It catalyzes the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA, producing NADH and CO2.

5. Succinyl-CoA Synthetase: Located in the mitochondrial matrix, this enzyme facilitates the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate, generating GTP or ATP in the process.


6. Succinate Dehydrogenase: Embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, succinate dehydrogenase participates in the conversion of succinate to fumarate while transferring electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC).

7. Fumarase: Found in the mitochondrial matrix, fumarase catalyzes the conversion of fumarate to malate.

8. Malate Dehydrogenase: Positioned in the mitochondrial matrix, malate dehydrogenase converts malate back to oxaloacetate while generating NADH.

These enzymes collectively facilitate the cyclic series of reactions in the Krebs cycle, leading to the production of NADH, FADH2, ATP/GTP, and carbon dioxide. The cycle is crucial for extracting energy from macronutrients and providing intermediates for various biosynthetic pathways.


3. ——— discovered the Z-scheme of photosynthetic electron transport.

(A) Arnon

(B) Robert Hill

(C) Hill and Bendall

(D) Van-Niel

Ans: C

The Z-scheme of photosynthetic electron transport was proposed by Robert Hill and Fay Bendall. Hill and Bendall developed the Z-scheme model in the 1960s to describe the flow of electrons in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, specifically through Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI). 


4. Pyramid of biomass is —- in the pond ecosystem, and it is —— in terrestrial ecosystems.

  1. Upright, inverted

  2. Upright, upright

  3. Inverted, upright 

  4. Inverted, inverted

Ans: C

The Pyramid of Biomass represents the total mass of living organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem. Let's explain the given pairings:


1. Inverted, upright:

  • Inverted in the pond ecosystem: In aquatic ecosystems like ponds, the Pyramid of Biomass is often inverted. This is because the biomass of phytoplankton (primary producers) is high, and they reproduce rapidly, supporting a larger biomass of herbivores and subsequently carnivores.

  • Upright in terrestrial ecosystems: In contrast, the Pyramid of Biomass is typically upright in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, the biomass decreases as you move up the trophic levels. Producers (plants) have a larger biomass compared to herbivores, and herbivores have a larger biomass compared to carnivores.


So, the correct pairing is Inverted, upright based on the characteristics of pond ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems, respectively.


 5. A dichotomously branching link in a food web involving one predator feeding on two species is :

  1. Alpha link

  2. Gamma link

  3. Iota link

  4. Lambda link

Ans: D

The interlinking of the different food-chains of a food-web is of three main kinds, namely iota link, lambda link and gamma link.

In the iota link, there is a direct, linear, and unbranched link between a primary species and its predator or parasite.

In lambda link, there is a dichotomously branching Link in which one predator feeds on two prey species.

In the gamma link also, there is a dichotomously branching link in which two predator species feed on the same prey species.

6. Suspensory ligament is found in :

  1. Ear

  2. Eye

  3. Liver

  4. All the above

Ans: B

The suspensory ligament is found in the Eye. It is specifically associated with the lens of the eye and helps hold the lens in place within the eyeball.


7. —- is a cloning vector that contains cohesive sites from plasmid and phage.

  1. Cosmids

  2. Phagemids

  3. Phasmids 

  4. pBR322

Ans: A

Cosmids are hybrid cloning vectors that combine features of both plasmids and bacteriophages (phages). The name "cosmid" is derived from "cos sites," which are cohesive ends found in bacteriophage DNA. 


1. Plasmid Features: - Cosmids typically contain plasmid elements, including an origin of replication (to allow replication in bacterial cells) and selectable markers (such as antibiotic resistance genes).

2. Phage Features: - The crucial addition is the incorporation of cos sites from bacteriophages. Cos sites are specific sequences in the DNA of certain bacteriophages (like lambda phage) that allow the packaging of the DNA into phage particles.

3. Cloning: - Cosmids are used in molecular biology for cloning large DNA fragments because they can accommodate large inserts due to the cos sites.

4. Benefits: - The presence of cohesive ends (cos sites) facilitates the packaging of the cosmid DNA into phage particles during the construction of a genomic library.

Cosmids provide the cloning capacity of plasmids and the packaging efficiency of bacteriophages, making them useful tools in molecular biology for creating libraries of large DNA fragments.


8. —— refers to embryo formation directly from nucellus or integument.

  1. Apogamy

  2. Apomixis

  3. Apospory

  4. Adventive polyembryony

Ans: D

The development of an embryo directly from any diploid sporophytic cell (e.g., cell of nucellus, integument etc.,) is called adventive embryony.


Apogamy is an asexual method of reproduction in plants where the gametophyte develops from the sporophyte. Gametes are formed without the formation of gametophytes.

Apospory is also an asexual method of reproduction where sporophyte develops from the gametophyte. The embryo is formed without the process of fertilization. 

Apomixis is derived from two Greek words “APO” (away from) and “mixed” ( the act of mixing or mingling). It refers to the formation of the plant from a seed without fertilization or normal sexual reproduction. Apomixis can be best described as a reference to the asexual process. The plant produced is a clone of the female parent plant.

9. Which one of the following is a mineralocorticoid ?

  1. Cortisol

  2. Thymosin

  3. Aldosterone

  4. Adrenalin

Ans: C

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, specifically in the outer layer known as the adrenal cortex. It belongs to a class of hormones called mineralocorticoids, and its primary function is to regulate electrolyte and water balance in the body.

Key points about aldosterone:

1. Electrolyte Regulation: Aldosterone mainly acts on the kidneys, where it enhances the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium. This helps to maintain the proper balance of these electrolytes in the body.

2. Water Balance: The hormone's effect on sodium reabsorption also influences water retention. As sodium is reabsorbed, water follows, contributing to the overall regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.

3. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): Aldosterone secretion is tightly regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. When blood pressure decreases, renin is released, leading to the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I and eventually to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of aldosterone.

4. Stress Response: While cortisol (mentioned in your list) is a glucocorticoid that plays a role in the stress response, aldosterone is specifically associated with electrolyte balance.


In the context of the options provided, cortisol is not a mineralocorticoid; it is a glucocorticoid with different functions, including its involvement in the stress response and immune system regulation. Aldosterone, on the other hand, is the mineralocorticoid in this list.


10. Syngenesious stamens are seen in :

  1. Centella

  2. Coriander

  3. Cucumber

  4. Sunflower

Ans: D

Syngenesious stamens are seen in Sunflower (Helianthus). In this type of arrangement, the filaments of the stamens are fused together, forming a tube, but the anthers remain separate. The term "syngenesious" specifically refers to this fusion of filaments in the stamens.


11. The deficiency of —— causes Grey speck of oats.

  1. Mb

  2. Mg

  3. Mn

  4. Zn

Ans: C

The deficiency of Manganese (Mn) causes Grey Speck of oats.


12. ——- is also known as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary.

  1. Chilka Sanctuary

  2. Darrah Sanctuary

  3. Keibul Lambao National Park

  4. Keoladeo Ghana National Park

Ans: D

Keoladeo Ghana National Park is also known as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary.

13. There is a symbiotic association of blue green alga in :

  1. Riccia thallus

  2. Marchantia thallus

  3. Pinus root

  4. Coralloid root

Ans: D

The symbiotic association of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) is found in the Coralloid roots of certain plants, specifically in the case of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with some plants like cycads and certain species of ferns.


14. Choose the CORRECT statement. 

  1. Capillary theory is an active theory of water upliftment.

  2. Apoplastic movement of water is the movement of water from one cell to another cell.

  3. Ascent of sap in tall trees mainly occurs due to transpiration pull and cohesion of water molecules.

  4. Imbibition theory of ascent of sap is not acceptable because water moves actually through the lumen of xylem and not through the walls.

  1. (a) and (b)

  2. (c) and (d)

  3. (a) and (d)

  4. (b) and (c)

Ans: B

Correct statements: 

Ascent of sap in tall trees mainly occurs due to transpiration pull and cohesion of water molecules.

Imbibition theory of ascent of sap is not acceptable because water moves actually through the lumen of xylem and not through the walls.

The other statements are not correct:


1. Capillary theory is an active theory of water upliftment. - Capillary action is a passive process, and it does not involve an active force like transpiration pull.


2. Apoplastic movement of water is the movement of water from one cell to another cell. - Apoplastic movement involves the movement of water through the cell walls and intercellular spaces, not through living cells.

15. Ankle joint is a :

  1. Pivot joint

  2. Gliding joint

  3. Hinge joint

  4. Ball and socket joint

CANCELLED


16. Match the following and choose the correct answer.


(а) Malpighian Tubules

(i) Fasciola

(b) Flame cells

(ii) Balanoglossus

(С) Proboscis gland

(iii) Nereis

(d) Nephridia

(iv) Locusta




(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

A

i

iv

ii

iii

B

iii

i

ii

iv

C

iv

iii

i

ii

D

iv

i

ii

iii


Ans: D


17. A miniature succession of microorganisms that occur in fallen logs of decaying wood, tree bark, etc. is known as :

  1. Heterotrophic succession

  2. Allogenic succession

  3. Deflected succession

  4. Serule

Ans: D

1. Heterotrophic succession: - This succession takes place by continuously and early dominance of heterotrophic organisms.

- It begins in an organic environment. 

- This takes place where organisms like bacteria and fungi are more in number than plants. 

- Due to this succession there is a decrease in energy content as heterotrophs consume energy by eating plants.


2. Allogenic succession: - Allogenic succession refers to ecological succession driven by external factors such as climate change or geological events. 

3. Deflected succession: - Deflected succession occurs when a community remains stable due to human activity preventing further succession. Human activities often prevent climax communities from forming. For example, regular mowing or grazing livestock.


18. A synthetic hallucinogen is :

  1.  MDMA

  2.  LSD

  3. Psilocybin

  4. Mescaline

Ans: A

Among the substances you listed, MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is not typically classified as a classical hallucinogen. Instead, it is commonly considered an empathogen-entactogen, as it primarily induces feelings of empathy, emotional warmth, and increased sociability. MDMA is often associated with the party drug "ecstasy."

The other three substances—LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin (found in certain mushrooms, often referred to as "magic mushrooms"), and mescaline (found in peyote cactus)—are indeed classical hallucinogens. They can induce altered perceptions, hallucinations, and changes in consciousness.

19. Basophils secrete:

  1. Thrombin, Heparin

  2. Serotonin, Heparin, Histamine

  3. Serotonin, Thrombin, Heparin

  4. Histamine, Thrombin

Ans: B

Basophils primarily secrete histamine, serotonin, and heparin. Basophils play a role in the inflammatory response, and these substances contribute to various aspects of this response. Histamine, for example, is involved in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, while heparin has anticoagulant properties, and serotonin also plays a role in blood clotting and vasoconstriction.

20. A stamen is :

  1. Single-traced

  2. Double-traced

  3. Triple-traced

  4. Multi-traced

Ans: A

The number of traces to the various kinds of floral organs differs but they are always odd in number. Each sepal usually receives three traces, two lateral and one median, directly from the stele. Typically, petals and stamens receive one trace each also directly from the stele. Each carpelee normally receives three traces, a dorsal and two ventral. The dorsal bundle occupies the midrib position in the carpel and the ventral gives rise to the ovular traces. This is a typical vascular plan of the flower which undergoes considerable modification during specializ-ation of the flower.

21. Select the odd one out :

  1. Auxins

  2. Cytokinins

  3. ABA

  4. Ethylene

Ans: D

Phytohormones are chemical compounds present in very low concentrations in plants. They regulate plant development, growth, longevity and reproductive processes. Here, let’s look at the structure and functions of different phytohormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid.

Auxin Hormone - Auxin means “to grow”. They are widely used in agricultural and horticultural practices. They are found in growing apices of roots and stems and then migrate to other parts to act.

  • Natural: Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Indole butyric acid (IBA)

  • Synthetic: 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid)

Functions:

  • Cell elongation of stems and roots

  • Apical dominance, IAA in apical bud suppresses the growth of lateral buds

  • Induces parthenocarpy i.e. development of fruit without fertilisation e.g. in tomatoes

  • Prevents premature fall of leaves, flowers, fruits

  • Useful in stem cuttings and grafting where it initiates rooting

  • Promotes flowering e.g. in pineapple

  • 2,4-D is widely used as a herbicide to kill undesirable weeds of dicot plants without affecting monocot plants

  • Helps in cell division and xylem differentiation

Gibberellins Hormone - There are more than 100 gibberellins (GA1, GA2, GA3…..) that are known. They are acidic in nature. These are found in higher plants and fungi.

Functions:

  • Promotes bolting, i.e. sudden elongation of internodes just before flowering in rosette plants like cabbage, beet

  • Delays senescence

  • Induces parthenocarpy

  • Elongation of the stem and reverses dwarfism

  • Induces maleness in certain plants like cannabis

  • Induces the formation of hydrolytic enzymes such as lipase, amylase in the endosperm of germinating cereal grains and barley seeds

  • Breaks seed dormancy

Cytokinins Hormone - Cytokinins play an important role in the cytokinesis process. Cytokinins are naturally synthesised in the plants where rapid cell division occurs e.g. root apices, shoot buds, young fruits, etc. Movement of cytokinins is basipetal and polar.

  • Natural: Zeatin (corn kernels, coconut milk), isopentenyladenine

  • Synthetic: Kinetin, benzyladenine, diphenylurea, thidiazuron

Functions:

  • It promotes lateral and adventitious shoot growth and used to initiate shoot growth in culture

  • Helps in overcoming apical dominance induced by auxins

  • Stimulate the formation of chloroplast in leaves

  • Promotes nutrient mobilisation and delay leaf senescence

Abscisic Acid Function - It is a growth-inhibiting hormone. ABAs act as an antagonist to GAs. It inhibits plant metabolism and regulates abscission and dormancy. It is also called “stress hormone” as it increases the tolerance of plants.

Functions:

  • Induces abscission of leaves and fruits

  • Inhibits seed germination

  • Induces senescence in leaves

  • Accelerates dormancy in seeds that is useful for storage purpose

  • Stimulates closure of stomata to prevent transpiration under water stress

Ethylene Plant Hormone - It acts as a growth promoter as well as an inhibitor. Occurs in gaseous form. It is synthesised in the ripening fruits and tissues undergoing senescence. It regulates many physiological processes and one of the most widely used hormones in agriculture.

Functions:

  • It hastens the ripening of fruits

  • Controls epinasty of leaves

  • Breaks seed and bud dormancy

  • Stimulates rapid elongation of petioles and internodes

  • Promotes senescence and abscission of leaves and flowers

  • Induces root growth and root hair formation thereby increasing the absorption surface

  • Stimulates femaleness in monoecious plants

  • Apical hook formation in dicot seedlings

22. Choose the INCORRECT statement :

  1. Mule is a cross breed

  2. Cuniculture is the rearing of rabbits

  3. Kolan is a variety of honey-bee

  4. Athulya is a variety of chicken

Ans: A

As a mule is produced by crossing a female horse with a male donkey, it can be said to be an interspecific hybrid.

When two animals of different breeds but of the same species, each with desirable characteristics are taken for breeding it is termed cross breeding.


23. Single step large mutation is known as :

  1. Genetic drift

  2. Saltation

  3. Wright effect

  4. Founder effect

Ans: B

A single-step large mutation is known as "Saltation." Saltation refers to a sudden and large-scale change or mutation in a single step, as opposed to gradual, incremental changes. This term is often used in the context of evolutionary biology to describe a significant and abrupt genetic variation.

Genetic drift (Sewall-Wright effect): Genetic drift is the random fluctuation of gene frequencies in a population over time due to chance events. 

Saltation: Saltation refers to a sudden and large-scale change or mutation in a single step. It's used in the context of evolution to describe instances where a significant genetic change occurs abruptly, rather than through gradual accumulation of small changes.

Founder effect: The founder effect occurs when a new population is established by a small number of individuals, leading to a loss of genetic variation compared to the original population.

24. Choose the CORRECT answer.

Pepo : ——; Hesperidium : ——-

Umbel : ——-; Spadix : ——

  1. Mangifera, Pomegranate, Coriander, Mulberry

  2. Apple, Lemon, Helianthus, Morus

  3. Pear, Plum, Brassica, Coriander

  4. Cucumber, Orange, Biophytum, Colocasia

Ans: D

Pepo is a type of fruit characteristic of the gourd family, and cucumber is an example of a fruit classified as a pepo.

Hesperidium is a type of berry with a tough, leathery rind containing oil glands, and orange is an example of a hesperidium.

An umbel is a type of inflorescence in which several flower stalks arise from a common point, forming a flat or rounded cluster. Biophytum exhibits an umbel inflorescence.

A spadix is a type of inflorescence with a fleshy axis bearing small, densely packed flowers, often surrounded by a spathe. Colocasia (Taro) is an example of a plant with a spadix inflorescence.

25. Radula helps in :

  1. Feeding

  2. Respiration

  3. Excretion

  4. Movement

Ans: A

Radula is a specialized anatomical structure found in the mouth of certain mollusks, particularly in gastropods (such as snails and slugs) and some cephalopods. The primary function of the radula is feeding.

The radula is a rasping, tongue-like organ covered with many tiny, chitinous teeth. It is used by mollusks to scrape, cut, or grind food particles, helping them in the ingestion and breakdown of their food. 


26. A haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of ——- molecules of oxygen.

  1. 3

  2. 4

  3. 2

  4. 6

Ans: B

A haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of 4 molecules of oxygen. Each haemoglobin molecule has four heme groups, and each heme group contains an iron atom that can bind to one molecule of oxygen. Therefore, the total capacity of haemoglobin to bind with oxygen is four molecules.


27. —— is the source of ATP for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.

  1. CoA

  2. Ferredoxin

  3. Malate

  4. Pyruvate

Ans: D

In the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules, the energy needed for ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production comes from the metabolic activity of the host plant's cells. The process involves the conversion of pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle). The TCA cycle produces reducing equivalents (NADH) and eventually leads to the generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. This ATP is utilized in various metabolic processes, including symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.


28. Cystitis is the inflammation of ——-

  1. Urinary bladder

  2. Renal pelvis

  3. Renal calyces

  4. Glomeruli

Ans: A

Cystitis is the inflammation of the urinary bladder. It is a common urinary tract infection (UTI) that primarily affects the bladder and is often caused by bacterial infection. The symptoms of cystitis may include urinary urgency, frequency, and a burning sensation during urination.


29. Pigment system present in noncyclic photophosphorylation in photosynthetic bacteria :

  1. PS I (P700) and PS II (P680)

  2. PS I (P 890)

  3. PS I (P890) and PS II (P 680)

  4. PS I (P700) and (P 890)

Ans: B

Bacterial photosynthesis: - Photosynthetic apparatus is chromatophore. Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll, bacterioviridin, and open chain aliphatic carotenoids. Reaction centre is P890, which absorbs > 700 nm wavelength of light. Two photosystems are connected in parallel. O2 is not evolved as there is no photolysis of water.


30. Choose the CORRECT statement :

  1.      Viroids lack a protein coat. 

  2.      Mad cow disease is caused by viroids.

  3. Prions contain a free RNA.

  4. Cr-Jacob disease is caused by a virus.

Ans: A

Viroids are small infectious agents that consist of a short, single-stranded RNA molecule without a protein coat. They are known for causing diseases in plants.

Mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by prions, not viroids or viruses.

Prions are unique infectious agents made up of misfolded proteins, not RNA. So, the correct statement is that viroids lack a protein coat.

31. Aspergillus niger is used for the production of ——-

  1.      Lactic acid

  2.      Acetic acid

  3. Citric acid

  4. Nitric acid

Ans: C

Aspergillus niger is associated with citric acid production. Lactic acid is commonly produced by lactic acid bacteria. Acetic acid is often produced by Acetobacter species.


32. Choose the CORRECT statement from the following :

  1. Meristem culture is the effective method for elimination of viruses due to the lack of conducting tissue especially phloem in the apical dome.

  2. Callus is produced when the concentrations of auxins and cytokinins are equal.

  3. Elicitation is the only method for the production of secondary metabolites in plant tissue culture.

  4. The role of ethylene in plant tissue culture is to enhance the production of multiple shoots.

  1. (a) and (b)

  2. (a), (b) and (c)

  3. (b) and (c)

  4. (c) and (d)

Ans: A

Meristem culture is indeed an effective method for eliminating viruses in plants due to the lack of conducting tissues, especially phloem, in the apical dome of meristematic tissues.

A callus is a clump of cells that is undifferentiated and contains totipotent cells. A high ratio of auxin-to-cytokinin or cytokinin-to-auxin drives root and shoot regeneration, respectively, whereas an intermediate ratio of auxin and cytokinin favours callus formation. It's been employed extensively in the spread of economically significant characteristics and the insertion of transgenes.

Elicitation involves inducing secondary metabolite production in plant tissue culture through the addition of specific chemical or physical stimuli. It is one method for enhancing the production of secondary metabolites in plant cultures.


33. Compound epithelium is present in the ——

  1. Walls of blood vessels

  2. Lining of stomach

  3. Lining of intestine

  4. Pharynx

Ans: D

Compound epithelium is made up of more than one layer (multi-layered) of cells and thus, has a limited role in secretion and absorption. Their main function is to provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses. They cover the dry surface of the skin, the moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts of salivary glands and of pancreatic ducts.


34. Bacteriophage is a ——-

  1. Bacteria

  2. Prion

  3. Virus

  4. Mycoplasma

Ans: C

Bacteriophage is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. It is a type of virus that specifically targets bacterial cells, and its name "bacteriophage" literally means "bacteria eater." Bacteriophages are composed of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat, and they use the bacterial host's cellular machinery to replicate and produce more phage particles.


35. A stele with solid xylem core surrounded by phloem is called ——

  1. Dictyostele

  2. Polystele

  3. Protostele

  4. Siphonostele

Ans: C

The protostele is a conductive system of simple organization. It is a simple, unbranched, centrally located axial cylinder of xylem surrounded by phloem. A protostele contains no pith. It can be found in primitive vascular plants.

A medullated protostele is called siphonostele.

It is a well-accepted phenomenon that a stele having a tubular vascular region and a central parenchymatous region was evolved from a protostele. In a siphonostele the centrally placed xylem core is replaced by parenchymatous cells called pith. The pith is surrounded by xylem in the siphonostele.

Solenostele: If the siphonostele is perforated at a place corresponding to the origin of the leaf trace, such a condition is known as solenostele.

Dictyostele: This is a type of solenostele which is broken into a network of separate vascular strands, mainly because of the crowded leaf gaps. Each separate vascular strand is known as meristele.

Polystele: Sometimes more than one stele is present in the axis of some pteridophyte like Selaginella, such a condition is known as polystele.


36. Sickle cell anaemia is an example of :

  1. Multiple allelism

  2. Epistasis

  3. Pleiotropy

  4. Codominance

CANCELLED


37. MABP stands for :

  1. Man And Biome Project

  2. Man And Biome Programme

  3. Man And Biosphere Project

  4. Man And Biosphere Programme

Ans: D


The Man and the Biosphere Programme (MABP) is an intergovernmental scientific program established by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 1971. The primary objective of the MAB Programme is to promote sustainable development by establishing a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments.





38. —— moves with the help of tube feet.

  1. Leech

  2. Starfish

  3. Earthworm

  4. Prawn

Ans: B

Tube feet are small, flexible, and tubular structures found in echinoderms, including starfish (or sea stars). These tube feet are part of the water vascular system, a unique and specialized hydraulic system that aids in locomotion, feeding, and respiration in these marine animals.


39. Identify the factor which does not affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ?

  1. Gene flow

  2. Co-extinction

  3. Mutation

  4. Genetic drift

Ans: B

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle in population genetics that describes the relationship between the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population that is not evolving. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes will remain constant from generation to generation if certain conditions are met. These conditions include:

No mutation: The gene pool remains unchanged by new genetic variations.

No selection: No natural selection is occurring.

Among the options provided, "Co-extinction" is not a factor that affects Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Co-extinction typically refers to the phenomenon where the extinction of one species leads to the extinction of another species with which it is closely associated, often due to interdependence. In the context of population genetics and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, factors such as gene flow, mutation, and genetic drift can influence allele frequencies over time.

Random mating: Individuals mate without regard to their genotype.

No gene flow: There is no migration of individuals into or out of the population.

Infinite population size: The population is large enough that random sampling does not significantly affect allele frequencies.

40. The bond formed between two carbon atoms of two adjacent monosaccharides is :

  1. Peptide bond

  2. Ester bond

  3. Glycosidic bond

  4. Hydrogen bond

Ans: C

The bond formed between two carbon atoms of two adjacent monosaccharides is called a glycosidic bond. Glycosidic bonds are covalent bonds that link sugar molecules together to form larger carbohydrates like disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids in proteins, ester bonds are formed in the linkage of fatty acids to glycerol in lipids, and hydrogen bonds are interactions between hydrogen and electronegative atoms in molecules.

41. Which one of the following is NOT a sexually  transmitted disease ?

  1. Chlamydiasis

  2. Trichomoniasis

  3. Syphilis 

  4. Ascariasis

Ans: D

Ascariasis is not a sexually transmitted disease. Ascariasis is caused by a parasitic worm called Ascaris lumbricoides. It is an intestinal infection resulting from the ingestion of eggs from contaminated food, water, or soil. Ascaris lumbricoides is a roundworm, and its eggs are usually ingested orally. It does not spread through sexual contact.

On the other hand:

  • Chlamydiasis, Trichomoniasis, and Syphilis are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They are caused by bacteria (Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis) or a spirochete bacterium (Treponema pallidum), respectively. These diseases are typically transmitted through sexual activity.


42. Which breeding technique is NOT commonly used for developing disease resistant crop varieties ?

  1. Mutation breeding

  2. Polyploidy breeding

  3. Genetic engineering

  4. Somaclonal variations

Ans: B

Mutation breeding: This technique involves inducing mutations in the plant's DNA to generate genetic variation, and it can be used for developing disease-resistant varieties. Mutations may occur naturally or be induced through various methods such as irradiation or chemical treatments.

Polyploidy breeding: Polyploidy involves the duplication of the entire set of chromosomes in an organism. While it can lead to changes in plant characteristics, including disease resistance, it is not commonly used specifically for developing disease-resistant crop varieties.

Genetic engineering: Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism's genes. This technique is commonly used for developing disease-resistant crops by introducing genes that confer resistance to specific pathogens.

Somaclonal variations: Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variations that arise during the tissue culture of plants. This method can be used to select plants with desirable traits, including disease resistance.

43. ——- is the effect of temperature in flower induction.

  1. Phototropism

  2. Photoperiodism

  3. Heliotropism

  4. Vernalization

Ans: D

Vernalization is the effect of temperature in flower induction.

  • Phototropism: Phototropism is the directional growth of an organism in response to light. It is not specifically related to flower induction.

  • Photoperiodism: Photoperiodism refers to the response of flowering plants to the relative lengths of day and night. While photoperiodism is crucial for flower induction, it is not directly related to temperature.

  • Heliotropism: Heliotropism is the movement or growth of an organism in response to sunlight. It is not directly related to flower induction.

  • Vernalization: Vernalization is the exposure of plants to a period of cold temperatures, typically during the winter, to promote flowering when they are exposed to warmer temperatures in the spring. It is a form of temperature-related flowering induction.



44. Mammary glands are modified ——

  1. Sweat glands

  2. Oil glands

  3. Meibomian glands

  4. Wax glands

Ans: A

Mammary glands are specialized structures that produce milk in mammals for the nourishment of their young. These glands evolved from modified sweat glands. During the development of mammals, certain sweat glands underwent changes to become mammary glands, which are capable of producing and secreting milk. 


45. Choose the calcifilic (shell boring) alga from the following:

  1. Cephaleuros

  2. Сосопуха

  3. Gomontia

  4. Urococus

Ans: C

The algae that are able to bore shells of molluscs, such as Gomontia, are known as calcifilic alga.


46. Which one of the following is NOT a sub phase of prophase I?

  1. Diplotene

  2. Pachytene

  3. Diakinesis

  4. Interkinesis

Ans: D

Interkinesis is not a sub-phase of prophase I.

Leptotene: The chromosomes start to condense and become visible.

Zygotene: Chromosomes begin to pair and form structures called synaptonemal complexes.

Pachytene: Chromosomes continue to condense, and crossing-over occurs between non-sister chromatids, leading to genetic recombination.

Diplotene: Synaptonemal complexes start to dissolve, but homologous chromosomes remain attached at points called chiasmata. This phase is characterized by further chromosome condensation.

Diakinesis: Chromosomes complete condensation, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Chiasmata become more visible.

Interkinesis: This is the period between the end of meiosis I and the start of meiosis II. It is not considered a sub-phase of prophase I. During interkinesis, the cell briefly rests, and there is no DNA replication.     

47. Which among the following is NOT a gaseous air pollutant ?

  1. Acetylene

  2. Benzopyrene

  3. Isopentane

  4. PAN

Ans: B

Benzopyrene is not a gaseous air pollutant.

Acetylene: Acetylene is a gaseous hydrocarbon and can be considered a gaseous air pollutant.

Benzopyrene: Benzopyrene is not a gas; it is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). PAHs are often present in particulate matter, such as soot or smoke.

Isopentane: Isopentane is a gaseous hydrocarbon and can be considered a gaseous air pollutant.

PAN (Peroxyacetyl nitrate): PAN is a class of atmospheric pollutants and includes compounds that are in gaseous form.

48. Final electron acceptor in mitochondrial ETS is :

  1. Molecular nitrogen

  2. Molecular oxygen

  3. H2O2

  4. H2O

Ans: B

The final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial Electron Transport System (ETS) is molecular oxygen (O2). During oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane, electrons are transferred through a series of protein complexes (Complex I, II, III, and IV) and coenzymes, ultimately leading to the reduction of molecular oxygen to form water (H2O). This process is a crucial step in generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation.


49. Which one of the following is an example for in situ conservation ?

  1. Gene banks

  2. Zoo

  3. Botanical gardens

  4. National parks

Ans: D

National parks are an example of in situ conservation.

Gene banks: Gene banks are examples of ex situ conservation where seeds, tissues, or genetic material of organisms are stored outside their natural habitat.

Zoo: Zoos involve the maintenance and protection of animals outside their natural habitat. This is an example of ex situ conservation.

Botanical gardens: Similar to zoos, botanical gardens involve the cultivation and protection of plants outside their natural habitat. This is also an example of ex situ conservation.

National parks: National parks are areas where ecosystems and wildlife are protected within their natural habitats. This is an example of in situ conservation because it involves the conservation of biodiversity within its original environment.


50. The bioreactor widely used in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants is :

  1. Membrane bioreactor

  2. Photo bioreactor

  3. Stirred tank bioreactor

  4. Rotating drum bioreactor

Ans: A

The bioreactor widely used in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants is the Membrane Bioreactor (MBR).

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR): MBR combines biological treatment (bioreactor) with membrane filtration. It uses a membrane system to separate biomass from treated wastewater. MBRs are commonly employed in wastewater treatment plants for their efficiency in producing high-quality treated water.

Photo Bioreactor: Photo bioreactors utilize light, typically sunlight, to support biological processes, often in the cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms. They are not as commonly used in wastewater treatment as MBRs.

Stirred Tank Bioreactor: Stirred tank bioreactors are versatile and widely used in various biotechnological processes, but they may not be the primary choice for wastewater treatment due to the specific requirements of the process.

Rotating Drum Bioreactor: Rotating drum bioreactors are less commonly used in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment compared to MBRs, which have become more prevalent due to their efficiency and compact design.

In the context of wastewater treatment, the Membrane Bioreactor is often favoured for its effectiveness in treating wastewater and producing high-quality effluent.


51. MOODLE is :

  1. Modern Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment

  2. Modular Online Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment

  3. Modern Online Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment

  4. Modular Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment

Ans: D

Moodle (Modular Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment) is an open-source learning management system (LMS) designed to provide educators, administrators, and learners with a single, robust, secure, and integrated system to create personalized learning environments. It offers a platform for online course management, allowing educators to create, manage, and deliver course content to students.


52. Which of the following is an advantage of Concentric curriculum ?

  1. Students are able to progress at their own pace

  2. Students are able to skip over topics which are very difficult

  3. Students are able to specialise in a specific area of knowledge

  4. Students are able to develop wide range of skills across multiple subject areas

Ans: C

A concentric curriculum is an educational approach that organizes learning experiences around a central theme or set of core concepts. This type of curriculum design aims to provide a cohesive and integrated educational experience for students. The term "concentric" suggests the idea of circles or layers, with each layer building upon the previous one.

In a concentric curriculum, students typically progress through a series of interconnected and progressively more complex levels or stages. Each level is designed to deepen their understanding of the central theme or core concepts. The curriculum is structured in a way that ensures a logical and coherent progression of learning.

53. A person with Scientific Attitude is characterised by :

  1. Curiosity

  2. Prejudice

  3. Rigidity

  4. Subjectivity

Ans: A

Characteristics of a person who possess scientific attitude

  • Open mindedness

  • Objectivity

  • Freedom from belief in superstitions

  • Belief in cause – effect relationship

  • Accuracy & truthfulness in reporting observations

  • Methodical way of solving problem on hand

  • Up-to-dateness

  • Respect for other people's opinion, though he may not agree with them

  • Ability to distinguish between scientific evidence & scientific proof

  • Ability to discern between fact & fiction


54. Which of the following is an Activity aid? 

  1. Diorama

  2. Drama

  3. Smartboard

  4. Specimen

Ans: B

The term "activity aid" is somewhat broad and can refer to various tools, materials, or resources designed to support and enhance learning or engagement in a particular activity. 


55. The teacher asked learners to share his experiences using graphs, diagrams and maps. Which process skill of the learner is encouraged here ?

  1. Communicating

  2. Classifying

  3. Experimenting

  4. Inferring

Ans: A

A process could be defined as a series of steps that aim at a particular result. The ability to identify new ideas and analyze them to reach a conclusion is termed as process skills. Process skills are developed by collecting ideas and proof and by arriving at conclusions after deeper analysis. Concept formation is an essential factor of not only science study, but the study of all subjects. 

A few important process skills:

• Observing, Collecting and recording data, Classifying, Measuring and preparing chart, Explaining and analysing data, Engaging in experiments, Identifying and controlling variables, Raising questions, Arriving at generalisation, Identifying solutions of problems, Formulating hypothesis and examining it, Arriving at conclusions, Taking decisions, Communicating and understanding communication of others, Foretelling and assuming, Handling apparatus, Using number relationship, Using space - time relationship, Predicting, Inferring, Making operational definition, Interpreting data.

Observing - Observation is the process of acquiring knowledge through the five senses. Learning experiences which provide the opportunity to use all the five senses may be used.

Classifying - The process of grouping information gained through observation, based on salient features is called classifying. The ability to classify will vary according to the age, maturity and cognitive level of the student.

Using number relationships - This involves the analysis of available data, consolidation and meaningful explanation using the language of mathematics. Learning experiences may provide the opportunity to develop the skills of counting, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and finding averages.

Measuring & Charting - As part of data collection, the student will have to measure quantities such as length, time, mass, temperature, force and density. What instruments are required for this? How can these instruments be used? What is the level of accuracy expected in measurements? How to record the data? All these are to be considered.

Using Space-time relationships - An in-depth enquiry relating to shape, distance, movement, speed, accuracy, direction and time comes under this area. It begins from identifying the shape, speed, direction and other such features of objects.

Communicating and understanding communication - It is essential that knowledge developed is expressed in different ways - oral and written. The students need opportunities to communicate through tables, graphs, pictures, models, short writeups, descriptions and lectures and also to take part in debates and discussions. Clarifying doubts by asking appropriate questions is another skill in this area.

Predicting - An inquisite person attempts to answer the question "if......... then?" and proceeds to try out the guessed answer. Answers to this question are important in science. The teacher expects the student to predict the outcome of various events and experiments. Students need to develop the skill of predicting by drawing on the knowledge gained through experiments and observations.

Inferring - A proper inference can be drawn only if the student has good skills of analysis. The defects in analysis of data will affect the quality of inference.

Making operational definitions - The meaning of ideas need to be stated precisely and clearly to make them useful. This helps in communication. Operational definitions may be incomplete and temporary. But in given situations they can be logical and practical.

Formulating hypothesis - A hypothesis is a temporary conclusion drawn using insight. A problem can have a number of casual factors and solutions. Based on knowledge and experiences related to the problem, the causes and solutions can be guessed. Such a guess is a hypothesis and needs to be tested out and rejected if disproved. Hypotheses which are proved right become conclusions.

Interpreting data - Interpretation of collected data may lead to new ideas and generalizations. Opportunities may be provided for interpreting data and formation of new ideas.

Controlling variables - Variables influence the result of experiments. For the experiment to be accurate and scientific the variables are to be effectively controlled.

Experimenting - An experiment is a planned activity to test the validity of hypotheses drawn. Experimentation contains the process skills in an integrated way. It is the main method used by scientists. Formulating methods to test the hypothesis, conducting experiments, recording, interpretation of data and drawing conclusions are included in it.

In the new approach of the curriculum, the student forms ideas and conclusions through processes. Project activities, seminar presentations and experiments enable the student to employ more than one process skill.



56. DIKSHA is an initiative of :

  1. DIET

  2. NCERT

  3. SCERT

  4. UGC

Ans: B

DIKSHA is an initiative of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in India. It is a digital infrastructure for teachers that provides various resources, courseware, and training materials to enhance the quality of education. DIKSHA aims to empower teachers and make learning more engaging and accessible for students through the use of digital technology. It serves as a platform for teachers to access educational content, create lesson plans, and participate in professional development programs.


57. The central component of Creativity is :

  1. Decision making

  2. Divergent thinking

  3. Human emotions

  4. Personal values

Ans: B

The central component of creativity is often considered to be the ability to generate original and novel ideas. Creativity involves the generation of ideas, solutions, or products that are both unique and valuable. This ability to think divergently, outside conventional boundaries, and come up with new and innovative concepts is at the core of creativity.

Key aspects of creativity include:

Originality: The capacity to produce ideas, solutions, or expressions that are not simply repetitions of what is already known or commonly done.

Fluency: The ability to generate a large quantity of ideas or solutions. A creative individual can produce a variety of possibilities within a given context.

Flexibility: The capability to shift thinking and adapt to different perspectives or approaches. Creative individuals can consider various viewpoints and adapt their thinking to novel situations.

Elaboration: The skill to refine and develop ideas or concepts into more detailed and complex forms. Creativity involves building upon initial ideas to create something more substantial.

Problem-Solving: Creativity often involves the application of imaginative thinking to solve problems in new and inventive ways.

Risk-Taking: Creativity may require the willingness to take risks and step outside one's comfort zone. It involves embracing uncertainty and exploring new possibilities.

58. Which one is NOT a direct goal of Science Education ?

  1. Developing life skills

  2. Developing scientific literacy

  3. Fostering critical thinking

  4. Understanding scientific concepts

Ans: A

The direct goal of science education is to foster an understanding and appreciation of science as a way of knowing about the natural world. This includes developing scientific literacy, critical thinking skills, and an inquiry-based mindset. The primary objectives of science education can vary across different educational levels, but they generally include:

Developing Scientific Literacy: Science education aims to equip students with a foundational understanding of scientific principles, concepts, and processes. This includes knowledge about the physical, biological, and chemical aspects of the natural world.

Promoting Inquiry and Critical Thinking: Science education encourages students to ask questions, explore, and investigate the world around them. It aims to develop critical thinking skills, enabling students to analyze information, evaluate evidence, and draw informed conclusions.

Fostering Curiosity and Interest in Science: Science education seeks to cultivate curiosity and a lifelong interest in science. It aims to inspire students to explore scientific phenomena, ask questions, and develop a sense of wonder about the natural world.

Building Practical and Problem-Solving Skills: Science education often involves hands-on activities, experiments, and projects. This practical component helps students develop skills in observation, data collection, analysis, and problem-solving.

Preparing Informed Citizens: Science education aims to prepare individuals to make informed decisions in a world where scientific and technological advancements play a significant role. This includes understanding scientific issues, evaluating evidence, and participating in informed civic discourse.

Encouraging a Scientific Approach to Inquiry: Science education teaches students the scientific method and encourages them to approach questions and problems systematically. This involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and drawing evidence-based conclusions.

Promoting Ethical Conduct in Science: Science education includes discussions about scientific ethics, responsible conduct of research, and the societal implications of scientific discoveries. It aims to instill a sense of responsibility among future scientists and citizens.

Preparing for STEM Careers: For students interested in pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), science education provides the foundational knowledge and skills necessary for advanced studies and professional development.

In summary, the direct goal of science education is to empower individuals with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to engage with and contribute to the scientific understanding of the world. This goal aligns with the broader objectives of fostering critical thinking, lifelong learning, and informed citizenship.


59. SCERT is NOT directly involved in :

  1. Conduct of Board examinations

  2. Preparation of curriculum

  3. Preparation of handbook

  4. Preparation of textbooks

Ans: A

The acronym SCERT stands for State Council of Educational Research and Training. SCERTs are autonomous bodies at the state or union territory level in India, and their primary role is to assist the state or regional government in educational planning, curriculum development, teacher training, and research in the field of education. The specific functions and responsibilities of SCERT may vary from state to state, but they generally include the following: Curriculum Development, Teacher Training and Development, Educational Research, Textbook Publication, Education Policy Implementation, Assessment and Evaluation, In-Service Training, Pedagogical Support and Educational Technology Integration. 



60. The process aspect of science teaching emphasises on :

  1. Information presented

  2. Scientific concepts

  3. Scientific theories

  4. The way in which information is collected

Ans: D

Science as a process – In science, the ways of gathering information, thinking, measuring, problem solving are called process of science. Basic processes of science are observation, comparison, classification, communication, measurement, estimation & prediction. The quality of knowledge acquired in science depends on the quality of process skills applied. The various processes of science can be classified into five categories: Collection of data, Analysis of data, Synthesis of data, Evaluation of data, Application of generalizations to new situations.


61. (a) 'A perfectly reliable test is valid'.

      (b) 'A valid test necessarily must be reliable’.

  1. Both the statements (a) and (b) are correct

  2. Both the statements (a) and (b) are incorrect

  3. Statement (a) only is correct

  4. Statement (b) only is correct

Ans: D

In the context of psychological and educational assessments, reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the test results. A reliable test produces consistent scores over time and across different administrations, assuming that the trait or characteristic being measured has not changed. Reliability is a critical aspect of test quality and is essential for making valid and meaningful interpretations of test scores.There are several ways to assess the reliability of a test:

Test-Retest Reliability: This method involves administering the same test to the same group of individuals on two separate occasions and then correlating the scores. The correlation between the two sets of scores indicates the stability of the test over time.

Internal Consistency Reliability: This method assesses the consistency of responses within a single administration of the test. It includes measures like Cronbach's alpha, which examines how well the items on the test correlate with each other. High internal consistency indicates that the items are measuring the same underlying construct.

Parallel Forms Reliability: This involves administering two equivalent forms of a test to the same group of individuals and correlating their scores. The correlation indicates the extent to which the two forms of the test yield similar results.

Inter-Rater Reliability: This type of reliability is relevant when human judgment or subjective scoring is involved. It assesses the consistency of scores assigned by different raters or observers.

Split-Half Reliability: This method involves splitting the test into two halves and correlating the scores from each half. It provides an estimate of internal consistency, similar to Cronbach's alpha.

Reliability coefficients range from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater reliability. A reliability coefficient of 1.0 suggests perfect reliability, meaning that all observed variability in scores is due to true variability in the construct being measured, with no measurement error.

It's important to note that while reliability is a necessary condition for validity (i.e., a test cannot be valid if it is not reliable), reliability alone does not guarantee validity. Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. Therefore, both reliability and validity are crucial considerations in the development and use of assessments.


62. Which one gives holistic evaluation of students ?

  1. Continuous and comprehensive evaluation

  2. Evaluation at the end of a course

  3. Formative evaluation

  4. Prognostic evaluation

Ans: A

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) is a framework for assessment and evaluation practices in the field of education. It was introduced as a reform measure to move away from a traditional examination-centric system and promote a more holistic and continuous approach to assessing students' learning and development. CCE aims to assess various aspects of a student's performance, including academic achievements, skills, attitudes, and co-curricular activities. The key features of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation include:

Continuous Assessment: CCE emphasizes ongoing assessment throughout the academic year rather than relying solely on a final examination. It involves the regular evaluation of a student's performance in class, assignments, projects, quizzes, and other formative assessments.

Formative Assessment: Formative assessments are conducted during the learning process to provide feedback to both students and teachers. These assessments help identify learning gaps, adjust teaching strategies, and guide students in improving their understanding.

Summative Assessment: While the focus is on continuous evaluation, CCE also includes summative assessments, which are conducted at the end of an instructional period to measure the overall achievement of students. However, these summative assessments are not the sole basis for evaluating a student's performance.

Holistic Evaluation: CCE looks beyond academic achievements and takes into account a student's overall development. It includes the assessment of life skills, values, attitudes, and co-curricular activities, recognizing the importance of a well-rounded education.

Multiple Intelligences: CCE acknowledges the concept of multiple intelligences, recognizing that students may excel in various areas, including academics, sports, arts, and more. The evaluation process is designed to appreciate and nurture diverse talents.

Grading System: Instead of traditional marks, CCE often employs a grading system to communicate the level of a student's performance. The grading system provides a more nuanced and descriptive evaluation, emphasizing the learning process rather than just the outcome.

Reduced Exam Stress: By distributing assessments throughout the year and focusing on a range of skills and activities, CCE aims to reduce the stress associated with high-stakes examinations. This can contribute to a more positive and conducive learning environment.

Parental Involvement: CCE encourages greater involvement of parents in their children's education by providing them with regular updates on their child's progress and areas that may need attention.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation is implemented in many educational systems as a means to create a more learner-centric and holistic approach to assessment, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of students' abilities and potential.



63. Which one is against Critical Pedagogy ?

  1. Avoid banking concept of education

  2. Characterised by narrations and explanations

  3. Integrates student's personal experiences into classrooms

  4. Urges learners to ask new questions

Ans: B

WHAT IS CRITICAL PEDAGOGY?

In 1968 Freire published his most famous book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, where he outlined the characteristics of what he called Critical Pedagogy.

Critical pedagogy is a teaching approach which attempts to help students question and challenge domination, and the beliefs and practices that dominate them. It tries to help students become critically conscious.

Key Objectives of Critical Pedagogy

Including the excluded - One of the key objectives of critical pedagogy is to allow students to gain the necessary social skills to allow them to actively participate in a transformed & inclusive democratic community. When you can identify the sources of power, recognize your own position in relation to power and understand the political nature of what you learn you can develop your own social actions. Critical pedagogy seeks to give those who have been excluded from power the right and ability to have an input into civic life.

Banking concept of education - Students are empty vessels to be filled by the teacher and  follow oppressive attitudes and practices .

End of “Banking System” of Education - Students should not be viewed as an empty “account” to be filled in by the teacher. Teachers should know that students have life experiences and their own knowledge that is key in shaping their education and learning. Good schools do not blame students for their failures or strip students of the knowledge they bring to the classroom.

Culture of silence - A characteristic of oppressed people in colonial countries who do not have a voice in their society. The dominant culture silenced the oppressed.

Dialogical method - Abandon lectures, Open communication among teacher and students, All teach and all learn - a teacher who learns and - a learner who teaches

Humanization - The vocation of each individual is to become more fully human, configured as an emancipation from oppression. Alleviation of Poverty.

Libratory education - Raises students consciousness, preparing them to engage in larger social struggle for liberation.

Conscientization - Learning to perceive social, political and economic contradictions. Developing a critical awareness, So that individual can take action against the oppressive elements.

Praxis - Paulo Freire defines praxis in Pedagogy of the Oppressed as "reflection and

action upon the world in order to transform it." Through praxis, oppressed people can acquire a critical awareness of their own condition and with their allies struggle for liberation. Power and know how to take action against oppression.

Characteristics of Critical Pedagogy

  • Anti-Colonial

  • Indigenous Knowledge

  • Awareness on the Political Nature of Education

  • Justice & Equality in Education

  • Lessen Human Suffering

  • End of “Banking System” of Education

  • Promote Emancipation & Intellectual Growth


64. The concept of Discovery Learning is proposed by :

  1. Howard Gardner

  2. Jean Piaget

  3. John Dewey

  4. Jerome S. Bruner

Ans: D

Discovery learning, as conceptualized by Jerome Bruner, is a cognitive learning theory that emphasizes the active role of the learner in constructing knowledge. Bruner's theories, particularly his work on the "process of education," have had a significant impact on educational philosophy and instructional practices. He is associated with the idea that learners should be actively engaged in the discovery and construction of knowledge rather than passively receiving information.

Jerome Bruner's key concepts related to discovery learning include:

Spiral Curriculum: Bruner proposed the concept of a "spiral curriculum," which suggests that learning should be organized in a way that revisits key concepts at increasing levels of complexity. This allows students to revisit topics multiple times, each time deepening their understanding.

Three Modes of Representation: Bruner identified three modes of representation that learners use to process information: enactive (action-based), iconic (image-based), and symbolic (language-based). He emphasized the importance of presenting information in multiple modes to support learning.

Discovery Learning: Bruner argued that learners should be actively involved in the discovery of principles and concepts. He believed that the process of discovery promotes deeper understanding and the ability to transfer knowledge to new situations.

 65. An attribute of Attitudinal domain of Mc Cormack and Yager is :

  1. Ability to make to consider alternative viewpoints

  2. Ability to make interdisciplinary connections

  3. Ability to make decisions about social and environmental issues

  4. Critical thinking on concepts

Ans: C

Taxonomy of science education

Science has been given an important place in the curriculum because of some special values provided only by science & not by any other subjects. The view that the processes of science are important as the product has come into science education. According to the taxonomy of science education formulated by Mc Cormack and Yager science education emphasize five domains. They are:

1. Knowledge domain (Knowledge & understanding)

2. Process domain (Exploring & discovering)

3. Creativity domain (Imaging & creating)

4. Attitudinal domain (Feeling & valuing)

5. Application domain (Using & applying)

6. Nature of science domain (AAAS-1990, American Association for the Advancement of Science)

ATTITUDINAL DOMAIN

One of the main aims of Science Education is the desirable change in attitudes and value teaching. It cannot be said that there is any benefit in daily life by science education if there is no substantial change in perspective of life and in the stand towards social or individual problems, even if concepts and process skills are attained. It is commonly seen in our country that even people who possess higher degrees in science adopt unscientific stands in day-to-day issues. Therefore science education should examine the problem of skill development in areas like attitudes, values, decision-taking etc, more closely. factors that may be included in this domain -  Faith in one's abilities, Ability to understand human feelings and respect them, Expressing one's emotions and thoughts creatively and Thinking rationally about individual values and taking decisions accordingly.




66. Which is the quality of a Science Textbook?

  1. Complex expressions

  2. Should be free from cultural values

  3. Scientific correctness

  4. Numerical examples should be avoided

Ans: C

67. The process skill used to propose an explanation for an observation is :

  1. Analysing

  2. Hypothesising

  3. Inferring 

  4. Predicting

Ans: B

68. Which of the following is a characteristic of NCF 2005 ?

  1. Integrating examination with classroom life

  2. Mechanical Learning

  3. Rigid examination system

  4. Should be textbook centric

Ans: A

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 is a policy document in India that provides guidelines for school education. It was developed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and serves as a framework for the development of syllabi, textbooks, and teaching practices. NCF 2005 reflects a paradigm shift in the philosophy of education in India and introduces several key characteristics:

Holistic Approach: NCF 2005 emphasizes a holistic approach to education, recognizing the need to address the cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development of students. It advocates for a balanced and integrated curriculum that goes beyond the narrow focus on academic content.

Child-Centric Education: The framework places the learner at the center of the educational process. It recognizes the diversity of learners and encourages schools to adapt teaching methods to meet the needs, interests, and abilities of individual students.

Connectivity to Real Life: NCF 2005 stresses the importance of making education more relevant to the real-life experiences of students. It encourages the integration of local and indigenous knowledge into the curriculum to make learning more meaningful and contextual.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE): The framework recommends a shift from a heavy reliance on summative assessments (year-end exams) to continuous and comprehensive evaluation throughout the academic year. This is aimed at providing a more accurate and holistic understanding of a student's progress.

Flexibility in the Curriculum: NCF 2005 advocates for a flexible curriculum that allows schools and teachers to adapt to local needs and circumstances. It discourages rigid, one-size-fits-all approaches to education.

Promotion of Critical Thinking: The framework emphasizes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills among students. It encourages an inquiry-based approach to learning, where students are actively engaged in questioning, exploring, and discovering knowledge.

Inclusive Education: NCF 2005 promotes the idea of inclusive education, aiming to cater to the diverse needs of all learners, including those with special needs. It advocates for creating an environment where every child can participate and learn together.

Art Integration: The framework recognizes the importance of arts and culture in education. It encourages the integration of arts, music, dance, and other creative expressions into the curriculum to enhance the overall development of students.

Technology Integration: NCF 2005 acknowledges the role of technology in education and suggests its integration to enhance teaching and learning experiences. It emphasizes the use of technology as a tool for exploration, creation, and collaboration.

Environmental Education: The framework underscores the significance of environmental education and sustainability. It encourages an understanding of environmental issues and promotes a sense of responsibility towards the environment among students.

NCF 2005 has had a significant impact on educational policies and practices in India, guiding the development of curricula and teaching methodologies across different states and education boards.


69. Method of teaching which encourages the utilisation of maximum senses ?

  1. Biographical method

  2. Demonstration method

  3. Lecture method

  4. Project method

Ans: D

70. Ready reference material for the teachers to supplement classroom teaching is :

  1. Handbook

  2. Teaching manual

  3. Textbook

  4. Workbook

Ans: A



71. Which method encourages students to discover knowledge by answering questions by themselves?

  1. Lecture method

  2. Demonstration method

  3. Discussion method

  4. Inquiry method

Ans: D


The inquiry method, also known as inquiry-based learning or the inquiry approach, is an educational strategy that encourages students to actively engage in the process of learning through exploration, investigation, and discovery. It shifts the focus from traditional teacher-centered instruction to a student-centered approach, promoting critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Here are key features and steps associated with the inquiry method. 


72. SWAYAM is :

  1. Students Web of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds

  2. Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds

  3. Students Web of Activity Learning for Young Aspiring Minds

  4. Study Webs of Activity Learning for Young Aspiring Minds

Ans: B


SWAYAM, which stands for "Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds," is an initiative by the Government of India to provide online courses and learning resources across various disciplines. Launched by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (now the Ministry of Education), SWAYAM aims to make quality education accessible to a large number of people, including students, teachers, and lifelong learners, through digital platforms.


73. Which of the following focuses on fostering and understanding the respect for diversity?

  1. Learning to know

  2. Learning to do

  3. Learning to live together

  4. Learning to be

Ans: C

The concept of the "four pillars of education" was introduced by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in the "Delors Report" in 1996. The report, titled "Learning: The Treasure Within," was prepared by the International Commission on Education for the 21st Century, chaired by Jacques Delors. The four pillars represent the essential dimensions of education necessary for individuals to thrive in the 21st century. These four pillars are:

Learning to Know:

  • This pillar emphasizes the acquisition of knowledge and the development of cognitive skills.

  • It involves fostering curiosity, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities.

  • Learning to know encourages individuals to engage in a lifelong pursuit of knowledge and to understand the world around them.

Learning to Do:

  • This pillar focuses on the development of practical skills and competencies.

  • It emphasizes the application of knowledge in real-world situations, including the ability to work collaboratively, adapt to change, and apply skills in various contexts.

  • Learning to do prepares individuals for professional and vocational success.

Learning to Be:

  • This pillar centers on personal development, including emotional, social, and ethical aspects.

  • It encourages the development of self-awareness, emotional intelligence, and a sense of responsibility.

  • Learning to be emphasizes the holistic development of individuals, recognizing the importance of their well-being and character.

Learning to Live Together:

  • This pillar underscores the importance of social skills, intercultural understanding, and global citizenship.

  • It promotes values such as tolerance, respect for diversity, and a commitment to peaceful coexistence.

  • Learning to live together emphasizes the role of education in fostering a sense of shared humanity and social responsibility.

The four pillars of education provide a holistic framework that goes beyond the traditional emphasis on academic knowledge and grades. They highlight the multifaceted nature of education, encompassing intellectual, practical, personal, and social dimensions. The goal is to prepare individuals not only for professional success but also to lead fulfilling lives as responsible and engaged global citizens. These pillars continue to influence discussions on education policy and practice worldwide.




74. Progressive broadening and linkage of the child's subject knowledge occurs in :

  1. Integrated approach

  2. Logical approach

  3. Spiral approach

  4. Topical approach

Ans: C

The spiral approach is an instructional method that involves revisiting and building upon previously learned concepts in a cyclical or "spiral" manner. In this approach, topics or skills are introduced at a basic level and are then revisited multiple times, each time with increasing complexity or depth. The idea is to reinforce and deepen understanding over time, allowing learners to continually expand their knowledge and skills.

75. Which one is a principle of curriculum construction ?

  1. Complexity

  2. Flexibility

  3. Sophistication

  4. Teacher centeredness

Ans: B

PRINCIPLES OF CURRICULUM ORGANISATION

Curriculum organization is a scientific process involving basic principles on which the credibility of the curriculum rests. Some of the principles of curriculum organization are:

Principle of need - A well designed curriculum should provide suitable opportunities for fulfilling the varied needs of a learner. This implies that the pupil's physical, emotional and social needs must be met.

Principle of child centeredness - The curriculum should be framed according to the actual needs, interests and capacities of the child.

Principle of utility - Curriculum should help the children in living a wholesome and self fulfilling life. It should provide the child with sufficient opportunities for both academic and social growth so that the child can use his knowledge in his day to day life.

Principle of variety - The Curriculum should be flexible enough to cater to students of different ability, aptitude and intelligence. The curriculum should be broad based, capable of satisfying the varying interests and needs of students.

Principle of readiness - The Curriculum should be based on sound principles of learning. The learning environment should be geared to the student's needs and maturity should be provided. Matching the Curriculum to the stage of the students mental development is vital.

Principle of social relevance - The Curriculum should be relevant to the personal needs of the student as well as to the needs of the society. The future of the student in a technological age has to be given due consideration in the organization of the curriculum.

Principle of conservation - The Curriculum should help in preserving and spreading the traditions and culture of our nation.

Principle of balancing - There should be realistic balance between: objectives and content, objectives and abilities, objectives and learning experience.

Principle of integration - The Curriculum should integrate the child's needs and activities on one hand and the needs of society on the other. A good and well planned curriculum provides all those experiences to the child which help in his all round development, as a student, as an individual and as a productive citizen of the country.


76. The learning theory which suggests Scaffolding :

  1. Behaviourism

  2. Cognitive constructivism

  3. Genetic epistemology

  4. Social constructivism

Ans: D

The learning theory that suggests the concept of scaffolding is associated with Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist and proponent of sociocultural theory. Scaffolding is a key concept in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development.

Sociocultural Theory and Scaffolding:

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Vygotsky introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which represents the range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable person, such as a teacher or a peer, but cannot yet perform independently.

Scaffolding: Scaffolding is the support provided by a more knowledgeable person to help learners bridge the gap between their current level of ability and their potential level of development within the ZPD. The term "scaffolding" metaphorically refers to the temporary support structures used in construction that are gradually removed as the building becomes more stable

77. VICTERS channel educational programme that covers all subjects from class 1 to 12:

  1. First Bell

  2. Insight

  3. Nallapadam

  4. Oronam

Ans: A

"First Bell" by KITE (Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education) Victers is an educational initiative by the Government of Kerala, India. It is an educational television channel that broadcasts educational content for students from classes 1 to 12. The channel aims to support and complement traditional classroom learning by providing lessons in various subjects.


78. What is the purpose of UNESCO's four pillars of education ?

  1. To develop cognitive skills and emotions in children.

  2. To prepare students for standard living

  3. To provide holistic education that addresses holistic development

  4. To overcome cultural barriers

Ans: C


79. Split half method is used to measure

  1. Effectiveness of a test

  2. Objectivity of a test

  3. Reliability of a test

  4. Validity of a test

Ans: C


80. NCF 2005 is published by :

  1. NAAC

  2. NCTE

  3. NCERT

  4. UGC

Ans: C


-
Labels:

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

CATEGORY - III NOVEMBER 2024 PART - 1 Adolescence Psychology, Theories of Learning and Teaching Aptitude

  A good and fair usage of Malayalam hinders a student to pronounce English words correctly. This is an example of : Positive transfer Negat...

  • ആനന്ദധാര - ബാലചന്ദ്രന്‍ ചുള്ളിക്കാട്
    ആനന്ദധാര - ബാലചന്ദ്രന്‍ ചുള്ളിക്കാട് ചൂടാതെ പോയ്‌ നീ, നിനക്കായ് ഞാന്‍ ചോര- ചാറിചുവപ്പിച്ചൊരെന്‍ പനീര്‍പ്പൂവുകള്‍ കാണാതെ പോയ്‌ നീ, ന...
  • Taxonomy of science education
    Science has been given an important place in the curriculum because of some special values provided only by science & not by any oth...
  • HISTORY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION
    SCIENCE EDUCATION – A GLOBAL VIEW Science education from the 16 th century ·          Roger Bacon was the first to lay emphasis on t...