1. —--- are locally adapted populations of species adjusted to local environmental conditions.
Ecads
Ecoclines
Ecophenes
Ecotypes
Ans: D
Ecotypes are locally adapted populations of a species that have evolved specific traits or characteristics in response to the unique environmental conditions of their particular habitat. This adaptation allows them to thrive in their specific ecological niche. Ecotypes may exhibit variations in terms of morphology, physiology, behavior, or other traits that give them a competitive advantage in their local environment.
Ecads or Ecophenes: These are habitat forms which are environmentally induced variations. They belong to the same genetic stock or species and the variations in their morphology (in shape, size, number and reproductive capacity) are induced by the environmental influences. The variations are not fixed but are temporary, somatic and reversible. If one type of ecad is transplanted into the environment of another type of ecad, the differences would disappear.
These morphological variations are not permanent because the genetic composition of ecads is not affected and so they are identical in their genetic behaviour and inter-fertile. The variants or ecophenes may differ to such an extent that they can be treated as separate species.
Eco clines: Eco clines are the intermediate forms which are found in the transitional regions between two adjacent regions occupied by separate ecotypes of a species. They are produced by hybridization between two related ecotypes and they survive under intermediate environmental conditions Thus a continuous change in the characteristics of plants from one region to another is apparent.
2. The function of copper ions in copper releasing IUD's is :
They suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms
They inhibit gametogenesis
They make uterus unsuitable for implantation
They inhibit ovulation
Ans: A
In copper-releasing IUDs, the purpose of copper ions is to destroy the male reproductive cells. In these IUDs, the copper ions act on the cervical mucus at the opening of the uterus. The copper ions released within the female reproductive tract inhibit or prevent the movement or motility of sperms. Due to the suppression of movement of the sperms, fertilization does not take place.
3. Match the following and choose the CORRECT answer.
Ans: B
Thigmotropism: Response to touch - The growth movement regulated by touch is known as thigmotropism. This is usually found in twining plants and tendrils.
Nyctinasty: Movements at night or in the dark - This type of nastic movement is also called “sleeping movement”. This is governed by variations in light and temperature, hence, it is also sometimes categorised in photonastic or thermonastic movements. E.g. leaves of clover and oxalis close in the evening and open in the morning.
Thermonasty: Response to temperature - As the name suggests, thermonastic movements are due to variations in temperature. Flowers of many plants show this type of movement.
Seismonasty or Thigmonasty: Response to shock/contact/vibration - This type of nastic movement is due to mechanical stimuli, e.g. touch, strong wind, raindrops, foreign body, etc. Examples include movement in stigma on receiving pollen grains, movement of stamen in response to insect, Mimosa pudica or touch-me-not, movement in insectivorous plants, etc.
Epinasty: Downward-bending from growth at the top, for example, the bending down of a heavy flower.
Hyponasty: Upward bending of leaves from growth in the petiole (leaf stalk)
Photonasty: Response to light
Nyctinasty: Movements at night or in the dark
Chemonasty: Response to chemicals or nutrients
Hydronasty: Response to water
Thermonasty: Response to temperature
Seismonasty: Response to shock
Geonasty/gravinasty: Response to gravity
Thigmonasty/seismonasty/haptonasty: Response to contact
4. The most severe air pollution ever occurred was the London smog in 1952. The components of the London smog are —---, particulates like soot, ammonium sulphate and humidity or water from fog.
CFC
NO2
SO2
PAN
Ans: C
5. Which bacterium is used for producing transgenic pest resistant GM cotton?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Bacillus thuringiensis
Rhizobium
Ans: C
The bacterium used for producing transgenic pest-resistant GM (genetically modified) cotton is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
Bacillus thuringiensis is a soil-dwelling bacterium that produces a protein toxic to certain insect pests. This protein, known as Bt toxin, has been incorporated into the genome of cotton plants to confer resistance against specific insect pests, particularly lepidopteran larvae (such as bollworms). This genetic modification helps reduce the need for chemical insecticides and provides a more environmentally friendly approach to pest control in cotton cultivation.
6. A normal woman, whose father was colour-blind is married to a normal man. The sons would be :
75% colour-blind
All colour-blind
All normal
50% colour-blind
Ans: D
The colour vision gene is located on the X chromosome. In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
If the father is colour-blind, it means he carries a colour-blind allele on his X chromosome. If the mother is normal (XX), she carries two normal alleles for colour vision.
Colour blindness is an X-linked disorder. All daughters of a colour blind man will be carriers.
If the carrier marries a normal man, then 50 % of the sons will be colour blind.
7. Choose the WRONG statement.
(i) Wilting of leaves in hot weather at noon is due to excess of transpiration in comparison to absorption.
(ii) DPD of cell sap is more in hydrophytes.
(iii) DPD of a plasmolysed cell is equal to TP
(iv) Considering atmosphere, soil and roots, water potential is lowest in the atmosphere.
(i) and (ii)
(ii) and (iii)
(iii) and (iv)
(i) and (iv)
Ans: B
Transpiration causes water loss from leaves through stomata, 99 % of absorbed water evaporates out through stomata, and the remaining 1% used in photosynthesis and plant growth. It gets influenced by light, pH, Carbon dioxide, and hormones.
Water is very essential for plant growth because photosynthesis takes place in the presence of water. Transpiration helps to contribute to the cooling of leaves and also protects leaves from heat injury under high temperatures and intense light. Wilting of leaves and other plant parts are caused due to excess water loss in hot weather as compared to absorption. Due to this reason transpiration is also considered a necessary evil.
Turgor pressure (TP) and wall pressure (WP) : The pressure created by cytoplasm upon the cell wall due to intake of water, is called turgor pressure (TP). The pressure created by the cell wall upon the cytoplasm is called wall pressure (WP). Usually TP & WP are equal and opposite in direction. Turgor pressure in flaccid cell is zero. Turgor pressure is maximum in a turgid cell and equal to the osmotic pressure (OP).
At present time turgor pressure is known as pressure Potential which is denoted by Ψp. Its value is positive.
Osmotic pressure (OP) : The pressure needed to prevent the passage of water into the solution through a semipermeable membrane is called osmotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure of pure water is zero.
Osmotic pressure is measured by an osmometer which was firstly made by Pfeffer. OP of a solution can be calculated with the help of Vont hoff’s formula.
OP = CRT (for non electrolyte solutions)
C = Molar concentration
R = Gas constant (0.082 L atm/mole)
T = Absolute temperature
Osmotic pressure increases due to increase in temperature.
O.P ∝ Temperature.
Thus osmotic pressure is only potential pressure. At present time the term osmotic potential or solute potential (Ψs) is used instead of osmotic pressure, solute potential is equal to the osmotic pressure but its sign is negative.
Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD) : The amount by which the diffusion pressure of a solution is lower than that of its solvent is called DPD. It is also called Suction pressure (SP). The term DPD was given by B.S. Mayer (1938).
Osmosis occurs from a region of lower DPD (SP) to a region of higher DPD (SP).
Usually DPD = OP–TP
if WP = TP
Then DPD or SP = OP - WP
In flaccid cell, TP = 0
DPD = OP - 0 = OP
In turgid cell, OP = TP
DPD = OP - TP = 0
DPD = 0
On full turgidity of the cell DPD will be zero. So water does not enter the cell. In plasmolysed cells DPD is maximum because TP is negative.
Water potential : The difference between the free energy of water molecules in pure water and the energy of water in any system is called water potential.
Movement of water occurs from regions of higher water potential to regions of lower water potential.
Tayler & Slatyer gave the term water potential. Water potential of pure water is maximum and zero. Water potential is denoted by Psi letter. It is measured in Bar. Water potential (Ψ) of protoplasm is equal to DPD but opposite in sign.
Types of solutions
Hypertonic solution : If the concentration of solution is higher than protoplasm, it is called hypertonic solution. It shows exosmosis or plasmolysis.
Hypotonic solution : If the concentration of solution is less than protoplasm, it is called hypotonic solution. It shows endosmosis.
Isotonic solution : If the concentration of a specific solution and the protoplasm is same, it is called an isotonic solution. Cell or tissue will remain as such in an isotonic solution.
Plasmolysis : If the plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution water comes out from the cell sap into the outer solution due to exosmosis and the protoplast becomes reduced. So cell wall contracts which result in reduction in cell size. This first stage of plasmolysis is called limiting plasmolysis. Further loss of water from the cell causes contraction of the protoplast which withdraws from the corner of the cell. This stage is called incipient plasmolysis. Ultimately the protoplasm separates from the cell wall and assumes a spherical form This process is known as evident plasmolysis.
Imbibition : It is a physical process in which adsorption of water by hydrophilic protoplasmic substances and cell wall constituents specially polysaccharides and proteins without forming a solution. Ex: Wooden doors absorb water and swell up in the rainy season and seeds of pea and gram when placed in water swell up due to imbibition.
8. Which of the following is correct about viroids ?
They have free RNA without protein coat
They have DNA with protein coat
They have free DNA without protein coat
They have RNA with protein coat
Ans: A
The correct statement about viroids is: They have free RNA without a protein coat.
Viroids are small infectious agents composed solely of a short, single-stranded RNA molecule. Unlike viruses, they lack a protein coat (capsid) and do not have their own cellular machinery for replication. Viroids are known to cause plant diseases by disrupting normal cellular functions.
9. Match the following and choose the CORRECT answer.
Ans: B
What is Inflorescence?
Inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on the floral axis. The flowers are arranged with respect to a fixed floral axis. We will look at the various types and arrangements of flowers now.
1) Racemose
In this type of inflorescence, the main axis continues to grow. It does not terminate in a flower and gives off flowers laterally in an acropetal manner (where old flowers are arranged lower side and young flowers are on the upper side). We can further divide it into:
Raceme: When peduncle or (main axis) is elongated and flowers are pedicellate. Eg. Radish, Mustard
Spike: Here, the peduncle is elongated but flowers are sessile. Eg.Achyranthes.
Catkin/Amentum: Here, the peduncle is thin, long and weak. The flowers are sessile and unisexual. Eg. Mulberry, Betula, Oak.
Spadix: In it, the peduncle is thick, long and fleshy. The flowers are small, sessile and unisexual. Examples include Colocasia, Maize, Aroids, Palms etc.
Corymb: In it, the peduncle is short and all flowers are present at the same level because the lower flower has much long pedicel than the upper one. eg. Candytuft
Umbel: An inflorescence in which the flower stalks are of more or less equal in length, arise from the same point. At the base of the flower stalk, there is a whorl of bracts forming the involucre. Eg.Centella.
Capitulum/Racemose head (Anthodium): Here, the peduncle doesn’t grow. It becomes broad, flattened, concave or convex.
2) Cymose
In this type of inflorescence, the peduncle terminates in a flower. Here, the older flowers are present at the upper portion and young buds are arranged towards the base. This arrangement is called the basipetal succession. It is of the following types:
Uniparous cyme/Monochasial cyme: The peduncle ends in a flower producing lateral branch at a time It is of two types again: Helicoid cyme and Scorpioid cyme.
Dichasial or biparous cyme: In this type, the peduncle ends in a flower and from the basal part of peduncle, two lateral branches arise. These also end in a flower and this same arrangement occurs on these lateral branches. Eg. Bougainvillaea, Jasmine, Teak, Mirabilis.
Multiparous cyme/Polychasial: Here, the peduncle ends in a flower and from the base of it many lateral branches arise, which also terminate in flowers.
Now, we will look at some special types of Inflorescence.
Inflorescence Types
1) Cyathium
The bracts or the involucre fuse and form a cup-shaped structure on the margin. This houses the glands. In the central part of the cup-shaped structure, you can find the female flowers. These mature earlier. Due to the growth of the pedicel, this comes out from the cup-shaped structure.
Small male flowers surround these female flowers. These are also found on Pedicel. The male flowers, which lie towards the centre, mature earlier than the flowers which are towards the periphery. This inflorescence is found in Euphorbiaceae family like Euphorbia, Poinsettia, Pedilanthus.
2) Verticillaster
We can find this type of inflorescence in the Labiatae/Lamiaceae family, where the leaves are arranged in opposite manner on the stem. From the axil of each leaf, inflorescence develops. From the main axil, the lateral axil arises, on which flowers you can find the flowers. Examples include Salvia, Ocimum, Coleus etc.
3) Hypanthium
In this type of inflorescence, you can see the peduncle modified in a narrow cup-like structure. At the base of the cup, the female flowers develop while towards the mouth the male flower develops. All three types of flowers are present in this inflorescence. Eg. Banyan, Peepal etc.
10. The non-sister chromatids twist around and exchange segments with each other during :
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Ans: C
Pachytene stage is characterised by appearance of recombination nodules which are the actual site of breakage and exchange of chromosomal segments or crossing over.
Meiosis: It is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that produce the gametes such as sperm or egg cells. It also reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes. Meiosis takes place only during sexual reproduction.
Ten stages of meiosis:
Interphase: It is a part of the preparation that involves doubling the number of chromosomes that the cell contains
Prophase I: It is the recombination of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.
The prophase I of meiosis occurs in the following stages:
1. Leptotene- This phase is the start of prophase-I. It is marked by the condensation of the chromosomes.
2. Zygotene- In this phase the homologous chromosomes start pairing up, called the synapsis. The synaptonemal complex starts building up. This complex is required to hold the homologous chromosomes at a place close to each other. Bivalent chromosomes are visible at this stage.
3. Pachytene- In this stage, the non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange their parts, the process is called the crossing over. The attachment point of the crossing-over of the non-sister chromatids is called chiasma.
4. Diplotene- The crossing-over process is completed by this stage. The homologous chromosomes remain attached at the point of chiasma.
5. Diakinesis- The homologous chromosomes start to separate and the synaptonemal complex disappears. The nuclear membrane also disappears.
3. Metaphase I: It is the stage of cell division, where the homologous chromosome move to the center of the cell along the equatorial plane.
4. Anaphase I: In this stage, the homologous chromosome is separated into two groups.
5. Telophase I: In this stage, chromosomes are enclosed in the nuclei.
6. Prophase II: It is the first step of meiosis, beginning with the two daughter cells produced by the first meiotic division.
7. Metaphase II: In this stage, the chromosomes are aligned at the centre of the cell.
8. Anaphase II: In this stage, the chromatids split at the centromere.
9. Telophase II: This phase ends up forming two identical daughter cells.
10. Cytokinesis: In this phase, the chromosome uncoils and forms chromatid again.
11. Black foot disease is caused due to groundwater contaminated with excess :
Arsenic
Nitrates
Mercury
Fluorides
Ans: A
Blackfoot disease affects the peripheral vascular system. It is related to the consumption of inorganic arsenic from the artesian wells. Arsenicosis is caused by exposure over a while to arsenic in the beverage. Arsenic contamination in water can also flow from industrial processes, like those involved in mining, metal refining, and timber treatment. According to the WHO's guideline, the value for arsenic in the beverage is 0.01 mg /litre.
12. Reverse transcriptase is a :
DNA dependent RNA polymerase
RNA dependent DNA polymerase
RNA dependent RNA polymerase
DNA dependent DNA polymerase
Ans: B
Reverse transcriptase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that was discovered in many retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) in 1970. The reverse transcriptase catalyzes the conversion of RNA template molecules into a DNA double helix and provides a very useful tool for molecular biology research. Reverse transcriptases are commonly used to produce complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries from various expressed mRNAs and are also used to quantify the level of mRNA synthesis when combined with the polymerase chain reaction technique, called RT-PCR.
13. —--- is a living fossil.
Cycas
Ephedra
Metasequoia
Pinus
Ans: A
Living fossil is a living organism that closely resembles their ancestor. It can be plants or animals. Cycas is called a living fossil because it remained unchanged for millions of years and shows the earlier characters of the plants.
Eg : Coelacanth (Latimeria), Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo tree), Horseshoe crabs (Limulidae), Nautilus, Cycads
14. A solenostele with overlapping leaf gaps is :
Actinostele
Dictyostele
Meristele
Protostele
Ans: B
Stelar System of Plant: Definition and Types
According to the older botanists, the vascular bundle is the fundamental unit in the vascular system of pteridophytes and higher plants. Van Tieghem and Douliot (1886) interpreted the plant body of vascular plants in a different way. According to them, the fundamental parts of a shoot are the cortex and a central cylinder, known as stele. Thus the stele is defined as a central vascular cylinder, with or without pith and delimited the cortex by endodermis.
The term stele has been derived from a Greek word meaning pillar. Van Tieghem and Douliot (1886) recognized only three types of steles. They also thought that the monostelic shoots were rare in comparison to polystelic shoots. It is an established fact that all shoots are monostelic and polystelic conditions rarely occur. The stele of the stem remains connected with that of leaf by a vascular connection known as the leaf supply.
Types of Steles:
1. Protostele: Jeffrey (1898), for the first time pointed out the stelar theory from the point of view of the phylogeny. According to him, the primitive type of stele is protostele. In protostele, the vascular tissue is a solid mass and the central core of the xylem is completely surrounded by the strand of phloem. This is the most primitive and simplest type of stele.
There are several forms of protostele:
(a) Haplostele: This is the most primitive type of protostele. Here the central solid smooth core of xylem remains surrounded by phloem (e.g., in Selaginella spp.).
(b) Actinostele: This is the modification of the haplostele and somewhat more advanced in having the central xylem core with radiating ribs (e.g., in Psilotum spp.).
(c) Plectostele: This is the most advanced type of protostele. Here the central core of xylem is divided into a number of plates arranged parallel to each other. The phloem alternates the xylem (e.g., in Lycopodium).
(d) Mixed-pith stele: Here the xylem elements (i.e., tracheids) are mixed with the parenchymatous cells of the pith. This type is found in primitive fossils and living ferns. They are treated to be the transitional types in between true protosteles on the one hand and siphonosteles on the other (e.g., in Gleichenia spp. and Osmunda spp.).
2. Siphonostele: This is the modification of protostele. A stele in which the protostele is medullated is known as siphonostele. Such steles contain a tubular vascular region and a parenchymatous central region. Jeffrey (1898) interpreted that the vascular portion of siphonostele possesses a parenchymatous area known as a gap immediately above the branch traces only or immediately above leaf and branch traces.
On the basis of these branch and leaf gaps Jeffrey (1910), distinguished two types of siphonostele. In one type, however, the leaf gaps are not found and they are known as cladosiphonic siphonostele. In the other type both leaf and branch gaps are present and they are known as phyllosiphonic siphonostele.
A siphonostele may be of the following types:
(a) Ectophloic: In this type of siphonostele, the pith is surrounded by concentric xylem cylinder and next to xylem the concentric phloem cylinder.
(b) Amphiphloic: In this type of siphonostele the pith is surrounded by the vascular tissue. The concentric inner phloem cylinder surrounds the central pith. Next to the inner phloem is the concentric xylem cylinder which is immediately surrounded by outer phloem cylinder (e.g., in Marsilea).
3. Solenostele: The vascular plants have been divided into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of the leaf gaps. These groups are— Pteropsida and Lycopsida. The ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms are included in Pteropsida, whereas the lycopods, horse-tails, etc are included in Lycopsida.
The simplest form of siphonostele has no gaps, such as some species of Selaginella. However, among the simplest siphonostelic Pteropsida and siphonostelic Lycopsida, the successive leaf gaps in the stele do not overlap each other and are considerably apart from each other.
According to Brebner (1902), Gwynne-Vaughan (1901) such siphonosteles which lack overlapping of gaps are known as solenosteles. They may be ectophloic or amphiphloic. Some authors (Bower, 1947; Wardlaw, 1952; Esau, 1953) however, interpret the solenostele as an amphiphloic siphonostele.
4. Dictyostele: In the more advanced siphonosteles of Pteropsida, the successive gaps may overlap each other. Brebner (1902) called the siphonosteles with overlapping gaps as dictyosteles. In such cases the intervening portion of the vascular tissue between lateral to such leaf gaps is known as meristele. Each meristele is of protostelic type. The dictyostele with many meristeles looks like a cylindrical meshwork.
5. Polycylic Stele: This type of stelar organization is the most complex one amongst all vascular cryptogams (pteridophytes). Such type of steles are siphonostelic in structure. Each such stele possesses an internal vascular system connected with an outer siphonostele. Such connections are always found at the node.
A typical polycyclic stele possesses two or more concentric rings of vascular tissue. This may be a solenostele or a dictyostele. Two concentric rings of vascular tissue are found in Pteridium aquilinum and three in Matonia pectinata.
6. Eustele: According to Brebner (1902), there is one more modification of the siphonostele known as eustele. Here the vascular system consists of a ring of collateral or bicollateral vascular bundles situated on the periphery of the pith. In such steles, the interfascicular areas and the leaf gaps are not distinguished from each other very clearly. An example of this type is Equisetum.
15. In Krebs cycle, substrate level phosphorylation takes place in between :
Succinic acid and fumaric acid
Fumaric acid and malic acid
Malic acid and oxaloacetic acid
Succinyl CoA and succinic acid
Ans: D
Succinyl CoA is converted to succinic acid, this reaction is catalyzed by succinyl CoA synthase, the CoA group is removed and energy is generated, which is able to synthesize GTP. GTP can then transfer the phosphate group to ADP for ATP formation. In plants, ATP is directly produced. Since ATP is generated without any involvement of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, this is a substrate-level phosphorylation.
16. "Crypts of Lieberkuhn' are found in :
Intestine
Gallbladder
Liver
Pancreas
Ans: A
Folds of the small intestine are conical shaped villi. Small slit-like space is found at the base of the villi. These spaces are called crypts of Lieberkuhn. The crypts of Leiberkuhn secrete succus entericus or intestinal juice. The succus entericus mainly contains water (99%) and various digestive enzymes (1%).
17. The phenomenon of the evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and spreading to other habitats is called :
Natural selection
Adaptive radiation
Saltation
Co-evolution
Ans: B
The phenomenon of the evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and spreading to other habitats is called Adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiation is a process where a single ancestral species rapidly diversifies into a wide variety of forms to adapt to different environments or ecological niches. This often occurs when new ecological opportunities become available, leading to the evolution of diverse species that are adapted to exploit those opportunities.
Example : Darwinian finches and Australian marsupials.
18. Match column - I with column - II for Tiger classification and select the correct option using the codes given below.
Ans: D
Kingdom: Animalia (animals)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Class: Mammalia (mammals)
Order: Carnivora (carnivores)
Family: Felidae (cats)
Genus: Panthera (big cats)
Species: tigris
19. RubisCo is made up of —--- subunits.
14
15
16
18
Ans: C
Rubisco, or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, is made up of 16 subunits. Rubisco is a large enzyme involved in the fixation of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. It consists of eight large (L) subunits and eight small (S) subunits, arranged in a complex structure. The L8S8 structure is common in most higher plants.
20. Epiphyllous stamens are found in :
Asteraceae
Cucurbitaceae
Malvaceae
Liliaceae
Ans: D
Liliaceae stamens are six in number and are arranged in two whorls. They are present in epiphyllous condition (fused with perianth). For example, Lily and Garlic (Allium cepa).
21. Select the odd one out.
2, 4-D
IAA
Dicamba
NAA
Ans: B
IAA being the natural auxin is present in abundance in plants.
IAA- Indole 3 acetic acid: It is one of the most commonly found hormones in the plants in the auxin class. It is the derivative of the indole with a carboxymethyl substituent. It is soluble in ethanol. It appears to be white. It has the major function of elongation of the plants and their development. Zinc is the important micronutrient essential for the working of the IAA.
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) are common examples of a class of herbicides known as synthetic auxins. Auxins are naturally occurring plant hormones. Synthetic auxins can be used to kill weeds by inducing hormonal effects on sprayed plants.
NAA- 1- Naphthalene acetic acid: It is an organic compound. It is colourless, soluble in organic solvents. It has naphthalene on the ‘1 position’ of its carboxymethyl. It is an auxin which initiates the rooting process. It is also useful in plant tissue culture. It is found in various rooting horticulture products.
22. In anaerobic respiration, the RQ value is :
1
Less than 1
More than 1
Infinite
Ans: D
RQ or respiratory ratio is defined as the actual ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide eliminated to the volume of oxygen consumed during the process of cellular respiration.
The RQ of anaerobic respiration is infinite.
This is because, in anaerobic respiration, the total volume of oxygen consumed is zero as this process occurs in the absence of oxygen and only carbon dioxide is produced.
Therefore : RQ = CO2 / O2 = 2/0 = infinity.
23. Somatic embryos are distinct from zygotic embryos due to the occurrence of :
Sexual reproduction in somatic embryogenesis
Different stages in embryogenesis
Independent vascular system
Vascular system connected with the mother tissue
Ans: C
Somatic and zygotic embryogenesis are two types of plant embryogenesis where embryos are formed either sexually or asexually and develop into a whole new plant. Embryos, which are formed after sexual fertilization, is called zygotic embryogenesis, whereas somatic embryogenesis is the formation of embryos from somatic cells asexually.
Let us look at the point where both the types of embryogenesis differ.
24. Valley of flowers National Park is located in :
Manipur
Mizoram
UP
WB
CANCELLED (Answer - Uttarakhand)
25. —---- is an episammic algae, whereas —---- is an epipelic one.
Cladophora, Trichodesmium
Batrachospermum, Enteromorpha
Vaucheria, Euglena
Laminaria, Chlorella
Ans: C
Algae Growth Habits (Algae Types) :
Epilithic : Algae that grow on hard, relatively inert substrata, such as gravel, pebble, cobble, and boulder, that are bigger than most algae.
Epiphytic : Algae that grow on plants and larger algae, which provide relatively firm substrata that are bigger than the epiphytic algae, but can be highly active metabolically and a great source of nutrients.
Epipsammic : Algae that grow on sand, which is hard, relatively inert, and has relatively little surface area. Few algae live in sand among sand grains, because the sand is too unstable and may crush them.
Epipelic : Algae that grow on inorganic or organic sediments that are smaller than most unicellular algae. Epipelic algae are typically large motile diatoms, motile filamentous blue-green algae,or larger motile flagellates like Euglena .
Phytoplankton : Microscopic algae that are suspended in the water column.
26. Trisomy found in :
Edward syndrome
Patau syndrome
Down's syndrome
All of the above
Ans: D
Edward syndrome, Patau syndrome, and Down syndrome are all chromosomal disorders caused by an abnormality in the number of chromosomes. They are classified as trisomies because they involve the presence of an extra chromosome in the affected individuals.
Edward Syndrome (Trisomy 18): Individuals with Edward syndrome have three copies of chromosome 18 instead of the usual two. Characteristics include severe intellectual disability, distinct facial features, heart defects, and other organ abnormalities. The majority of individuals with Edward syndrome do not survive beyond infancy.
Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13): Patau syndrome is characterized by the presence of three copies of chromosome 13 instead of the normal two. Features include severe intellectual disability, congenital heart defects, eye and facial abnormalities, and polydactyly (extra fingers or toes). Like Edward syndrome, individuals with Patau syndrome often have a reduced life expectancy.
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21): Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Individuals with Down syndrome typically have intellectual disabilities, characteristic facial features, and an increased risk of certain health issues such as heart defects and respiratory problems. Down syndrome is the most common trisomy, and individuals with Down syndrome can lead fulfilling lives with proper support and care.
27. The most active phagocytic white blood cells are :
Neutrophils and eosinophils
Lymphocytes and macrophages
Eosinophils and lymphocytes
Neutrophils and monocytes
Ans: D
Phagocytic cells are those that are capable of engulfing other harmful cells or foreign organisms. Out of the WBCs, there are only two that are phagocytic namely neutrophils and monocytes.
Eosinophil cells fight allergic and parasitic infections.
Out of these WBCs, neutrophils and monocytes are the most active phagocytic cells. These white blood cells are capable of reacting to an infection site and phagocytizing the invasive bacteria.
28. —--- is a copper containing protein involved in electron transfer from PS II to PS I during photosynthesis.
Cytochrome a3
Cytochrome b/f
Plastocyanin
Plastoquinone
Ans: C
During cyclic and non cyclic electron flow in light reaction of photosynthesis, there are two mobile electron carriers in the electron transport chain. Plastoquinone and plastocyanin are mobile electron carriers in the chloroplast electron transport chain. Plastoquinone transports electrons between photosystem II and the cytochrome b6-f complex. Plastocyanin transport electrons between cytochrome b6-f complex and photosystem I. Plastocyanin requires one electron for reduction. Plastocyanin is a copper-containing protein involved in electron-transfer.
29. The beginning of diplotene is characterised by :
Recombination
Dissolution of synaptonemal complex
Formation of tetrad
Synapsis
Ans: B
Prophase of ‘meiosis I’ is divided into five phases- leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis.
In the zygotene phase, the homologous chromosomes pair together and a protein complex called ‘synaptonemal complex’ tightly joins the paired chromosomes. This is followed by pachytene phase in which crossing over takes place.
The beginning of the diplotene is marked by the dissolution of the synaptonemal complex and the propensity of the recombined homologous chromosomes to start separating from each other except at the crossover sites. This results in a formation of an X-shaped structure called ‘chiasmata’.
30. Which of the following crosses will give tall and dwarf pea plants in the same proportions?
TT X tt
Tt x tt
TT × Tt
tt x tt
Ans: B
31. In 2020, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Emanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for the key discoveries in DNA manipulation using :
ZFNs
TALENs
CRISPR/Cas9
RNAi
Ans: C
The development of a method for genome editing based on CRISPR–Cas9 technology was awarded The Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020, less than a decade after the discovery of all principal molecular components of the system. For the first time in history a Nobel prize was awarded to two women, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, who made key discoveries in the field of DNA manipulation with the CRISPR–Cas9 system, so-called “genetic scissors”.
32. Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of inactive fibrinogens to fibrins?
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Thrombin
Renin
Ans: C
Blood clotting is also called coagulation. The process of coagulation starts when some tissue is injured and bleeding is started.
Injured tissue releases a clotting factor that stimulates Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways.
The clotting factor released from damaged tissue also initiates the conversion of the inactive zymogen, prothrombin into an active enzyme known as thrombin.
Enzyme thrombin catalyzes the conversion of soluble plasma proteins fibrinogen into insoluble fibrous protein fibrin.
Fibrin makes a mesh-like structure around the platelet plug made initially and the blood cells are trapped in this mesh to form a clot.
After the complete repair of the damaged region, the clot is dissolved by the enzyme Plasmin.
33. —----- is a grassland characterised by tall grasses
Pampa
Plain
Prairie
Steppe
Ans: C
A grassland characterized by tall grasses is referred to as a prairie. Tallgrass prairies are ecosystems dominated by grass species that can grow relatively tall, often reaching heights of several feet. These grasslands were historically widespread in regions with a continental climate, such as parts of North America.
Pampa: Definition: Pampa is a term used primarily in South America, especially in Argentina and Uruguay, to refer to extensive lowland plains or grasslands. Pampas are often characterized by fertile soils and are used for agriculture and ranching.
Steppe: Definition: A steppe is a large area of flat, unforested grassland. It is characterized by a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. Steppes can be found in various parts of the world, including parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. They typically have a semi-arid climate.
34. The bioreactor most commonly used for large scale production of algal biomass is :
Membrane bioreactor
Photo bioreactor
Stirred tank bioreactor
Rotating drum bioreactor
Ans: B
The bioreactor most commonly used for large-scale production of algal biomass is a Photobioreactor (PBR) or Photo bioreactor. Photobioreactors are specialized systems designed for cultivating photosynthetic organisms, such as algae, under controlled conditions with sufficient light exposure. They provide an environment where algae can undergo photosynthesis and produce biomass efficiently. Photobioreactors are often used in the production of algal biomass for various applications, including biofuels, food supplements, and wastewater treatment.
35. An example of ex situ conservation is:
National Park
Seed Bank
Wildlife Sanctuary
Sacred Grove
Ans: B
Ex-situ Conservation - In this type of conservation, the threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in a special area or location where they can be protected and given special care. For example - zoological parks, botanical gardens, wildlife safari parks, gene banks, germplasm banks, and seed banks.
In-situ Conservation - In this type of conservation method, species are protected in their natural habitat by making their habitats protected areas. For example- national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, Sacred groves, Ecological hotspots etc.
36. What does the term recombination describe ?
Generation of non-parental gene combination
Generation of parental gene combination
Generation of internal gene combination
All of the above
Ans: A
The term recombination describes the generation of non-parental gene combinations. Recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in the creation of new combinations of alleles. This process occurs during meiosis, specifically in prophase I, where homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo crossing-over or genetic recombination. The result is the formation of gametes with genetic diversity, as the offspring inherit a combination of genes that is different from that of their parents.
37. Given below is a diagrammatic cross-section of a single loop of human cochlea. Which one of the following options correctly represents the names of three different parts ?
A: Perilymph, B: Tectorial membrane, C: Endolymph, D: Sensory hair cells
A : Endolymph, B : Tectorial membrane, C: Perilymph, D: Secretory cells
A : Endolymph, B: Vestibule, C :Utricle, D: Sensory hair cells
A: Perilymph, B: Utricle, C: Vestibule, D: Sensory hair cells
Ans: A
38. Which among the following is an anaerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria?
Azotobacter
Beijerinckia
Chromatium
Clostridium
Ans: D
The bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into utilisable compounds of nitrogen like nitrate, ammonia, etc. are known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They possess nitrogenase enzymes which help them in nitrogen fixation. These bacteria are either free-living or in symbiotic relationship with roots of the plants.
Azotobacter and Clostridium are free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Azotobacter is aerobic because it can strictly live only in the presence of oxygen, whereas Clostridium is anaerobic because its growth is not strictly dependent on the presence of oxygen.
Beijerinckia is a free-living aerobic nitrogen-fixing organism.
Non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Aerobic – Chlorobium and Chromatium (Photosynthetic)
39. When simple pits break into two or more cavities, they are called as:
Bordered pits
Half bordered pits
Ramiform pits
Vestured pits
Ans: C
When simple pits break into two or more cavities, they are called ramiform pits. Ramiform pits are a type of pit arrangement in the xylem of certain plants. Simple pits, on the other hand, are small openings in the cell walls of adjacent xylem vessels or tracheids that allow water to pass through. When these simple pits undergo further development and break into multiple cavities, they are referred to as ramiform pits.
40. A species considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction is called —---
Endangered
Rare
Vulnerable
Indeterminate
Ans: A
Critically endangered - The species facing an extremely high risk of extinct in the wild in immediate future is known as critically endangered species.
Endangered species - A species facing extremely high risk of extinction.
A vulnerable species is a species of animals or plants which are likely to become endangered unless something changes. Something has to be done to remove the things that are harmful to their survival, and their rate of reproduction needs to increase. Vulnerability is mainly caused by habitat loss or destruction.
A rare species is such a species that is very uncommon, scarce in number, and frequently encountered. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) uses this term to relate to such species which are seen in isolated geographical locations. Such species which have a very narrow endemic range or fragmented habitat can also be said as rare species. The giant panda, kakapo, Amur leopard, etc are examples of rare species.
Species with less information available are known as indeterminate species, thus cannot be categorised appropriately. Giant squirrel is an example of an indeterminate species.
41. -------- deficiency causes Whiptail disease of Cauliflower.
Ca
Co
Мb
N
Ans: C
Whiptail disease of cauliflower is associated with a deficiency of molybdenum. Molybdenum is an essential micronutrient for plants, and its deficiency can lead to various physiological disorders, including whiptail disease. Symptoms of whiptail disease include distorted and narrow leaves with a characteristic whiplash appearance. Molybdenum is crucial for the functioning of enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, and its deficiency can impact the synthesis of certain amino acids.
42. A dichotomously branching link in the food chain involving two predators feeding on the prey species is known as :
Alpha link
Gamma link
Iota link
Lambda link
Ans: B
The interlinking of the different food-chains of a food-web is of three main kinds, namely iota link, lambda link and gamma link.
In the iota link, there is a direct, linear, and unbranched link between a primary species and its predator or parasite.
In lambda link, there is a dichotomously branching Link in which one predator feeds on two prey species.
In the gamma link also, there is a dichotomously branching link in which two predator species feed on the same prey species.
43. Enterokinase helps in the conversion of :
Pepsinogen into Pepsin
Proteins into Polypeptide
Lactose into Sucrose
Trypsinogen into Trypsin
Ans: D
Enterokinase helps in the conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin in the small intestine. Enterokinase is an enzyme produced by the duodenal mucosa, and its primary role is to activate trypsinogen, an inactive precursor enzyme secreted by the pancreas, into its active form, trypsin. Once activated, trypsin plays a crucial role in the digestion of proteins by breaking down large protein molecules into smaller peptides and amino acids.
44. The wings of a bird and the wings of an insect are :
Phylogenetic structures and represent divergent evolution
Homologous structures and represent convergent evolution
Homologous structures and represent divergent evolution
Analogous structures and represent convergent evolution
Ans: D
Convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.The wings of a bird and the wings of an insect are analogous structures and represent convergent evolution. Both serve the same function and are similar in structure, but each evolved independently.
45. Read the following five statements and choose the CORRECT one.
(i) Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms called polyp and medusa.
(ii) The body of sponges is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules.
(iii) Ctenophores are commonly known as sea anemone.
(iv) In flatworms, malpighian tubules help in osmoregulation and excretion.
(v) Round worms are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and pseudocolomate animals.
(i), (ii) and (iii)
(i), (iii) and (iv)
(i), (ii) and (v)
(iii), (iv) and (v)
Ans: C
Ctenophores are commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies.
In flatworms, flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion.
46. The species confined to a particular region and not found elsewhere is termed as:
Alien
Endemic
Keystone
Rare
Ans: B
Endemic species refer to species that are native and restricted to a specific geographic area or region. These species are found only in that particular location and are not naturally occurring anywhere else in the world. The term "endemic" is often used in the context of plants, animals, or other organisms.
47. Ciliates differ from all other protozoans in:
Using flagella for locomotion
Having two types of nuclei
Having contractile vacuole for removing excess water
Using pseudopodia for capturing prey
Ans: B
The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia. Cilia are used for locomotion and food gathering. Another characteristic of ciliates that differ from all other protozoans is having two types of nuclei, namely somatic macronucleus and germline micronucleus.
48. The nutritive cells found in seminiferous tubules are :
Atretic follicular cells
Chromaffin cells
Leydig's cells
Sertoli cells
Ans: D
The nutritive cells found in seminiferous tubules are Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells, also known as sustentacular cells, are a type of supporting cell found within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They play a crucial role in supporting and nourishing developing sperm cells (spermatogenesis).
Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are a type of endocrine cell found in the testicles (testes) of males. These cells are located in the interstitial tissue, which is the connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules where sperm cells are produced. Leydig cells are responsible for producing and secreting the male sex hormone testosterone. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues, as well as the expression of male secondary sexual characteristics.
49. A condition in which any somatic cell of sporophyte produces gametophyte without reduction division is known as :
Apomixis
Parthenogenesis
Apogamy
Apospory
Ans: D
When the development of the gametophyte occurs from the non-reproductive cells or vegetative cells without spore formation and meiosis, it is known as apospory. In apospory, the development of diploid (2n) gametophyte from vegetative cells or non-reproductive cells takes place.
Apomixis is referred to as the process of formation of the plant from a seed without fertilization or normal sexual reproduction.
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction. It is a type of reproduction in which the growth and development of an embryo takes place without fertilization.
Apogamy - a type of reproduction, occurring in some ferns, in which the sporophyte develops from the gametophyte without fusion of gametes.
50. Match the following columns and select the CORRECT option.
Ans: C
51. Which among the following provides the cognitive tools required to better comprehend the world and its complexities and to provide an appropriate and adequate foundation for learning ?
Learning to Be
Learning to Do
Learning to Know
Learning to Live
Ans: C
The phrase "Learning to Know" is most closely associated with the idea of providing cognitive tools to better comprehend the world and its complexities. This concept is often linked to the acquisition of knowledge and intellectual skills. The other options, "Learning to Be," "Learning to Do," and "Learning to Live," are also important aspects of education but may emphasize different dimensions of learning, such as personal development, practical skills, and social interactions.
52. The Science process skill which states the expected outcome of an experiment is :
Defining operationally
Controlling variables
Formulating hypotheses
Outcome evaluation
Ans: C
The science process skill that involves stating the expected outcome of an experiment is "Formulating hypotheses." When formulating hypotheses, scientists make predictions about what they expect to observe or measure as a result of the experiment. The other options mentioned—defining operationally, controlling variables, and outcome evaluation—represent different aspects of the scientific process but are not specifically focused on stating the expected outcome.
53. "The four pillars of education for the 21st century" by Jacques Delors was published in a report of :
UNAIDS
UNESCO
UNHRC
UNICEF
Ans: B
"The Four Pillars of Education for the 21st Century" is a concept introduced by Jacques Delors in the report titled "Learning: The Treasure Within." This report was published by the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-first Century, which was established by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). The report was released in 1996 and outlines the four pillars of education: Learning to Know, Learning to Do, Learning to Be, and Learning to Live Together.
54. Which among the following provides a platform for the students to express their scientific skills and bring the best invention from their brains ?
Discussions
Field trips
Science fairs
Symposiums
Ans: C
Science fairs provide a platform for students to express their scientific skills and showcase their inventions. During science fairs, students typically present their research projects, experiments, or inventions to judges and other attendees. This allows them to demonstrate their understanding of scientific concepts and principles while fostering creativity and innovation. While discussions, field trips, and symposiums can also be valuable components of science education, science fairs specifically focus on students actively participating and presenting their own work.
55. A teacher controlled and information centred approach in which teacher works as a resource in classroom instruction :
Deductive method
Experimental method
Inductive method
Lecture method
Ans: D
The teaching method described as "a teacher-controlled and information-centered approach in which the teacher works as a resource in classroom instruction" is often associated with the "Lecture Method." In the Lecture Method, the teacher typically presents information to students in a one-way communication format. The teacher is the primary source of information, and students are expected to listen, take notes, and absorb the presented content. While lectures can be effective for delivering large amounts of information efficiently, it's important to balance this approach with interactive and student-centered methods to promote engagement and deeper understanding.
56. An advisory body for the Central and State Governments on all matters concerning to teacher education:
NCERT
NCTE
AICTE
MHRD
Ans: B
The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) in India is an advisory body for both the Central and State Governments on all matters related to teacher education. NCTE plays a crucial role in the planning and coordination of teacher education programs in the country. It sets the standards and guidelines for various teacher education courses and ensures the proper implementation of these standards across teacher training institutions. Additionally, NCTE is involved in the recognition and accreditation of teacher education programs and institutions.
57. Which of the following is a characteristic of a lesson plan ?
It is teachers guide for facilitating a lesson
It is a coherent set of lessons to achieve learning goals
It indicates the course purpose and objectives in general
It gives suggestions to make teaching interesting and effective
Ans: A
The characteristic of a lesson plan among the options provided is: It is a teacher's guide for facilitating a lesson. A lesson plan is a detailed outline or guide that teachers use to structure and organize their instructional activities for a specific lesson. It includes information about the lesson's objectives, materials needed, instructional strategies, assessment methods, and other relevant details to ensure effective teaching and learning.
58. National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 strongly recommends that Science education at the upper primary stage should follow:
Behaviouristic approach
Constructivist approach
Disciplinary approach
Topical approach
Ans: B
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 strongly recommends the use of a Constructivist Approach for Science education at the upper primary stage. The constructivist approach emphasizes hands-on learning, exploration, and student-centered activities. It encourages students to actively engage in the learning process, explore concepts through inquiry-based methods, and construct their understanding of scientific principles through experience and reflection. This approach is aligned with the idea that learning is more effective when students are actively involved and can relate new information to their existing knowledge and experiences.
59. National Council of Educational Research and Training was established in:
1961
1962
1952
1951
Ans: A
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) was established on September 1, 1961. NCERT is an autonomous organization of the Government of India that is responsible for developing educational resources, conducting research in education, and advising the central and state governments on educational matters in India.
60. Which approach insists that issues of social justice, and democracy are not distinct from acts of teaching and learning?
Behaviourism
Critical pedagogy
Existentialism
Naturalism
Ans: B
The approach that insists that issues of social justice, and democracy are not distinct from acts of teaching and learning is Critical Pedagogy. Critical pedagogy, rooted in the work of educators like Paulo Freire, emphasizes the importance of addressing social and political issues within the educational process. It encourages a reflective and transformative approach to education, viewing teaching and learning as inherently connected to broader social, economic, and political contexts. Critical pedagogy seeks to empower learners to critically analyze and challenge oppressive structures and work towards social justice and equity.
61. A tencher-facilitated collaborative approach in which students acquire and apply knowledge and skills in a social setting to define and solve realistic problems using a process of extended inquiry :
Project method
Dalton method
Heuristic method
Inquiry method
Ans: A
62. Which one among the following is a guiding principle for the development of National Curriculum Framework 2005 ?
Ensuring that the learning sticks to rote methods
Making examinations more rigid and content oriented
Modifying the curriculum so that knowledge confines to textbook
Connecting knowledge to life outside the school
Ans: D
A guiding principle for the development of National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 is: Connecting knowledge to life outside the school. NCF 2005 emphasizes the need to make education more relevant and meaningful by connecting it to the real-life experiences of students. It encourages an approach that goes beyond rote memorization and textbook-centered learning, focusing on the holistic development of learners and their ability to apply knowledge in practical situations.
63. Details regarding particular concepts are covered in a linear fashion and the concepts are not revisited in higher classes in —-----
Concentric approach
Reconceptualist approach
Spiral approach
Topical approach
Ans: D
Details regarding particular concepts being covered in a linear fashion, with the concepts not revisited in higher classes, is characteristic of the Topical Approach. In the topical approach, subjects or concepts are taught in a specific sequence or order, and there is less emphasis on revisiting the same topics in subsequent grades or classes. Each grade or class typically covers specific topics or subjects without much overlap or integration with previous or future levels of education. This is in contrast to approaches like the spiral approach, where concepts are revisited and deepened over time.
64. Principle of curriculum development which envisions the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage is :
Principle of balance
Principle of community centeredness
Principle of flexibility
Principle of conservation
Ans: D
The principle of curriculum development that envisions the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage is often associated with the Principle of Conservation. This principle emphasizes the importance of preserving and transmitting the cultural values, traditions, and knowledge from one generation to another through the educational curriculum. It highlights the role of education in fostering a sense of cultural identity and continuity.
65. Choose the most appropriate answer. Use of Audio-Visual aids in teaching will help to —----
Provide relief to teachers
Provide diversion to learners
Provide multi sensory learning
Provide entertainment
Ans: C
The use of audio-visual aids in teaching helps provide a multi-sensory learning experience. It engages different senses, such as hearing and seeing, which can enhance understanding and retention of information. While it can make learning more interesting and engaging, the primary goal is to facilitate effective communication of educational content and enhance the learning experience through multiple sensory modalities.
66. The educational method put forward by Helen Parkhurst is :
Dalton method
Heuristic method
Inductive method
Project method
Ans: A
The educational method put forward by Helen Parkhurst is the Dalton Plan, also known as the Dalton Method. The Dalton Plan is an educational approach developed by Helen Parkhurst in the early 20th century. It is named after Dalton, Massachusetts, where Parkhurst first implemented this method. The Dalton Plan is characterized by individualized instruction, student self-government, and a flexible curriculum that adapts to the needs and interests of each student. The method aims to promote independence, responsibility, and a love for learning in students.
67. Learning takes place through learners' interaction in groups. Which of the following theory strongly supports this view?
Cognitive constructivism
Critical constructivism
Social constructivism
Social constuctionism
Ans: C
The theory that strongly supports the view that learning takes place through learners' interaction in groups is Social Constructivism. Social constructivism is an extension of the constructivist theory, emphasizing the role of social interaction and collaboration in the learning process. According to social constructivism, individuals actively construct knowledge by engaging with others, sharing ideas, and participating in meaningful activities within a social context. Social interactions, discussions, and group activities are seen as integral components of the learning experience. While cognitive constructivism emphasizes individual mental processes, social constructivism highlights the importance of social engagement and collaboration in the construction of knowledge.
68. Read the following statements which describe the nature of Science and choose the most appropriate answer given below.
(i) Science is empirically based
(ii) Science is Static
(iii) Science constitute a set of facts
(iv) Science promotes scepticism
(i) and (ii) are correct
(ii) and (iii) are correct
(ii) and (iv) are correct
(i) and (iv) are correct
Ans: D
Science relies on empirical evidence, which is gathered through observation and experimentation. It is not static, as it continually evolves with new evidence and discoveries. While science involves facts, it is not merely a collection of facts but a dynamic process of inquiry. Additionally, science encourages skepticism, as it involves critical thinking, questioning, and testing of hypotheses.
69. A feature of Inductive method of teaching is :
Abstract to concrete
Convergent thinking
Divergent thinking
General to specific
Ans: C
Inductive teaching involves presenting specific examples or observations first and then drawing generalizations or principles from them. It moves from the particular to the general, encouraging students to discover and understand broader concepts based on specific instances or examples.
70. The test used to determine a learner's academic and cognitive performances in a particular course or instructional program :
Achievement test
Aptitude test
Diagnostic test
Prognostic test
Ans: A
The test used to determine a learner's academic and cognitive performances in a particular course or instructional program is: Achievement test.
Achievement tests are designed to measure a learner's knowledge and skills in a specific subject or area. They assess what a student has learned or achieved as a result of instruction, training, or educational experiences. This type of test is commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular course or instructional program.
71. How many domains are there in Mc Cormack and Yager's original Taxonomy ?
Five
Four
Eight
Seven
Ans: A
According to the taxonomy of science education formulated by Mc Cormack and Yager science education emphasize five domains. They are:
1. Knowledge domain (Knowledge & understanding)
2. Process domain (Exploring & discovering)
3. Creativity domain (Imaging & creating)
4. Attitudinal domain (Feeling & valuing)
5. Application domain (Using & applying)
72. 'Predicting unusual uses of objects' is a skill comes under :
Attitudinal domain
Creativity domain
Knowledge domain
Process domain
Ans: B
'Predicting unusual uses of objects' is a skill that comes under the: Creativity domain. Creativity involves thinking innovatively, generating novel ideas, and finding unique solutions. Predicting unusual uses of objects is a creative thinking skill that falls within the domain of fostering creativity.
73. An example for Integrated process skill is :
Experimenting
Inferring
Measuring
Observing
Ans: A
An example of an integrated process skill is:Experimenting. Integrated process skills involve the coordination and combination of various scientific processes. Experimenting often requires the application of multiple skills, including observing, measuring, inferring, and sometimes predicting. It involves a systematic approach to investigating scientific phenomena, making it an example of an integrated process skill.
74. 'Birds have wings to fly. Parrot is a bird. Therefore the parrot has a bird to fly’. This logic applies in —---
Deductive approach
Inductive approach
Integrative approach
Reflective learning
Ans: A
The logic presented, "Birds have wings to fly. Parrot is a bird. Therefore, the parrot has a bird to fly," follows a deductive approach. Deductive reasoning involves drawing specific conclusions from general principles or premises. In this case, the general principle is that birds have wings to fly, and the specific conclusion is drawn for the parrot based on the general classification that it is a bird.
75. Biographical method is characterised by :
Cause effect conclusions
Enhancement of student's social skills
Learner centred approach
Systematic use of personal histories
Ans: D
The biographical method is characterized by: Systematic use of personal histories. The biographical method involves the systematic collection and analysis of personal histories, life stories, or narratives to gain insights into an individual's experiences, perspectives, and development. It is a qualitative research approach that focuses on understanding the context and significance of personal experiences.
76. The basic content of instruction in a given subject and the range of knowledge and skill which the pupils must acquire and establish in detail is :
Curriculum
Objectives
Prospectus
Syllabus
Ans: D
The basic content of instruction in a given subject and the range of knowledge and skills that students must acquire is referred to as: Syllabus. A syllabus typically outlines the topics to be covered, the sequence of instruction, and the learning objectives for a particular course or subject. It provides a roadmap for both teachers and students regarding the content and expectations for the educational program.
77. Which is the nodal agency for implementing Versatile ICT Enabled Resource for Students ?
IGNOU
KITE
NCTE
NCERT
Ans: B
KITE stands for Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education. KITE is an agency in the state of Kerala, India, responsible for the promotion and implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) in education.
78. "Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist (teacher) to mould his material (pupils) according to his ideas (aims and objectives) in his studio (school)" is defined by :
Crow and Crow
Cunningham
Froebel
Morroe
Ans: B
79. Application domain comprises:
Controlling variables
Expressing one's emotions and thoughts creatively
Observing instances of science concepts in day-to-day life
Thinking rationally about individual values and taking decisions accordingly
Ans: C
The application domain comprises: Observing instances of science concepts in day-to-day life. In the context of education and cognitive domains, the application domain often involves applying knowledge or concepts in practical, real-life situations. Observing instances of science concepts in day-to-day life is an example of applying scientific knowledge in a practical and meaningful way.
80. A disadvantage of CCE:
De-emphasis on memorization
Holistic education
Learner friendly environment
Possibility for favouritism
Ans: D
A disadvantage of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) is: Possibility for favouritism. One of the criticisms of CCE is that there may be a possibility for favouritism or subjective judgments, as the assessment is often done by teachers within the school. This subjectivity can lead to concerns about fairness and reliability in the evaluation process.
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