Objective – it
is immediate, specific, operationally defined and easily achievable in a
limited time.
Educational
objective – it is a statement of what the students should be able to do at the
end of learning as compared to what they could not do before hand.
There are
three different levels of objectives
Institutional
objectives for schools and colleges
Instructional
objectives for each separate course of instruction
Specifications
or specific outcomes of learning
BEHAVIORAL
OBJECTIVES (SPECIFICATIONS)
Specifications are expressed in terms of pupil behaviour that are
observable, measurable and easily attainable.
The statement of a specification requires three components ,
1) Performer – the person who is to perform the required action. Eg: the
pupil
2) Desired action – an action verb that indicates the specific observable
action. Eg: recalls, compares, classification..
3) Content – the learning material. Eg: compares endosmosis and
exosmosis, identifies aorta.
The
basic steps for writing IO
Ø Define your
instructional goals
Ø Select
suitable content to achieve these goals
Ø Write a
specific objective with an action verb indicating the task
Ø Modify or
rewrite specific objective in clear, precise term.
INSTRUCTIONAL
OBJECTIVES FOR SCIENCE TEACHING (NCERT)
ü KNOWLEDGE
ü UNDERSTANDING
ü APPLICATION
ü INTEREST
ü ATTITUDE
ü APPRECIATION
ü SKILLS
KNOWLEDGE
The pupil acquires knowledge of terms, facts, symbols in the field of
natural science.
Specifications: The pupil
1. Recalls
terms, facts, etc
2. Recognises
facts, concepts, etc.
UNDERSTANDING
The pupil understands facts, concepts, principles, definitions in natural
science.
Specifications: The pupil
1. Illustrates
a phenomenon or principle
2. Gives
experimental proof
3. Identifies
relationship between concepts, principles, etc
4. Discriminates
between closely related concepts
5. Compares and
contrasts related concepts or find out similarities and dissimilarities
6. Interprets charts,
graphs, etc
7. Detects
errors in statements
8. Expresses
scientific ideas in different ways
9. Judges
adequacy of given data for the solution of a problem
10. Sees
relationship between cause and effect
11. Cites
examples
12. Classifies items
as per criteria
13. Explains a
happening or phenomena
14. Defines
APPLICATION
The pupil applies scientific knowledge in a new or unfamiliar situation
Specifications: The pupil
1. Formulates
definitions
2. Substantiates
arguments
3. Analyses a
situation
4. Suggests
hypothesis
5. Verifies
hypothesis
6. Gives new
illustrations to a principle
7. Develops an
experimental procedure to test a hypothesis
8. Selects
apparatus, procedure, etc
9. Finds
reasons for a phenomenon
10. Predicts a
happening
11. Draws
inference from relevant data
12. Locates a
problem
13. Establishes
relationship between cause and effect
14. Arrives at
generalizations
15. Describes
scientific phenomenon
SKILL
A) Drawing
skills
Draws, Labels, Uses, appropriate scales, Prepares, Reads
B) Experimental
skills
Arranges the apparatus, Check the instruments, Carries out simple repairs,
Handle apparatus carefully, Makes observations, Records relevant data, Improvises
apparatus, Collects, mount and preserves specimens.
INTEREST
ü Reads extra
books and journals in science
ü Participates
in the activities of science club
ü Visits
places of scientific interest
ü Takes part
in scientific debates, discussions
ü Collects,
preserves materials and specimens of his own
ü Improvises
models and apparatus
ü Enjoys
observing nature
APPRECIATE
ü Uses
scientific methods in solving problems
ü Admires life
and work of the scientists
ü Shows thrill
and excitement while performing experiments
ü Derives
pleasure while experiencing the surprising achievements of science
ü Signifies
the impact of science in daily life
SCIENTIFIC
ATTITUDE
ü Respects the
science teachers
ü Wants to
know why’s and how's of events
ü Records,
reports and interprets observations honestly
ü Admits
mistakes unhesitatingly
ü Suspends
judgement till it is repeatedly confirmed
ü Considers
new ideas and discoveries
ü Accepts or
rejects things only on the basis of valid reasons
ü Shows spirit
of team work, self help and self reliance
ü Reconsiders
one’s own judgement
ü Faces
hazards in investigation
ü Develops
independent thinking
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