Thursday, May 9, 2019
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING SCIENCE
Objective – it
is immediate, specific, operationally defined and easily achievable in a
limited time.
Educational
objective – it is a statement of what the students should be able to do at the
end of learning as compared to what they could not do before hand.
There are
three different levels of objectives
Institutional
objectives for schools and colleges
Instructional
objectives for each separate course of instruction
Specifications
or specific outcomes of learning
BEHAVIORAL
OBJECTIVES (SPECIFICATIONS)
Specifications are expressed in terms of pupil behaviour that are
observable, measurable and easily attainable.
The statement of a specification requires three components ,
1) Performer – the person who is to perform the required action. Eg: the
pupil
2) Desired action – an action verb that indicates the specific observable
action. Eg: recalls, compares, classification..
3) Content – the learning material. Eg: compares endosmosis and
exosmosis, identifies aorta.
The
basic steps for writing IO
Ø Define your
instructional goals
Ø Select
suitable content to achieve these goals
Ø Write a
specific objective with an action verb indicating the task
Ø Modify or
rewrite specific objective in clear, precise term.
INSTRUCTIONAL
OBJECTIVES FOR SCIENCE TEACHING (NCERT)
ü KNOWLEDGE
ü UNDERSTANDING
ü APPLICATION
ü INTEREST
ü ATTITUDE
ü APPRECIATION
ü SKILLS
KNOWLEDGE
The pupil acquires knowledge of terms, facts, symbols in the field of
natural science.
Specifications: The pupil
1. Recalls
terms, facts, etc
2. Recognises
facts, concepts, etc.
UNDERSTANDING
The pupil understands facts, concepts, principles, definitions in natural
science.
Specifications: The pupil
1. Illustrates
a phenomenon or principle
2. Gives
experimental proof
3. Identifies
relationship between concepts, principles, etc
4. Discriminates
between closely related concepts
5. Compares and
contrasts related concepts or find out similarities and dissimilarities
6. Interprets charts,
graphs, etc
7. Detects
errors in statements
8. Expresses
scientific ideas in different ways
9. Judges
adequacy of given data for the solution of a problem
10. Sees
relationship between cause and effect
11. Cites
examples
12. Classifies items
as per criteria
13. Explains a
happening or phenomena
14. Defines
APPLICATION
The pupil applies scientific knowledge in a new or unfamiliar situation
Specifications: The pupil
1. Formulates
definitions
2. Substantiates
arguments
3. Analyses a
situation
4. Suggests
hypothesis
5. Verifies
hypothesis
6. Gives new
illustrations to a principle
7. Develops an
experimental procedure to test a hypothesis
8. Selects
apparatus, procedure, etc
9. Finds
reasons for a phenomenon
10. Predicts a
happening
11. Draws
inference from relevant data
12. Locates a
problem
13. Establishes
relationship between cause and effect
14. Arrives at
generalizations
15. Describes
scientific phenomenon
SKILL
A) Drawing
skills
Draws, Labels, Uses, appropriate scales, Prepares, Reads
B) Experimental
skills
Arranges the apparatus, Check the instruments, Carries out simple repairs,
Handle apparatus carefully, Makes observations, Records relevant data, Improvises
apparatus, Collects, mount and preserves specimens.
INTEREST
ü Reads extra
books and journals in science
ü Participates
in the activities of science club
ü Visits
places of scientific interest
ü Takes part
in scientific debates, discussions
ü Collects,
preserves materials and specimens of his own
ü Improvises
models and apparatus
ü Enjoys
observing nature
APPRECIATE
ü Uses
scientific methods in solving problems
ü Admires life
and work of the scientists
ü Shows thrill
and excitement while performing experiments
ü Derives
pleasure while experiencing the surprising achievements of science
ü Signifies
the impact of science in daily life
SCIENTIFIC
ATTITUDE
ü Respects the
science teachers
ü Wants to
know why’s and how's of events
ü Records,
reports and interprets observations honestly
ü Admits
mistakes unhesitatingly
ü Suspends
judgement till it is repeatedly confirmed
ü Considers
new ideas and discoveries
ü Accepts or
rejects things only on the basis of valid reasons
ü Shows spirit
of team work, self help and self reliance
ü Reconsiders
one’s own judgement
ü Faces
hazards in investigation
ü Develops
independent thinking
Process skills
A process could be defined
as a series of steps that aim at a particular result. The ability to identify
new ideas and analyze them to reach a conclusion is termed as process skills.
Process skills are developed by collecting ideas and proof and by arriving at
conclusions after deeper analysis. Concept formation is an essential factor of
not only science study, but the study of all subjects. It is on.
A few important process
skills:
• observing
• collecting and
recording data
• classifing
• measuring and
preparing chart
• explaining and
analysing data
• engaging in
experiments
• identifying and
controlling variables
• raising questions
• arriving at
generalisation
• identifying solutions
of problems
• formulating
hypothesis and examining it
• arriving at
conclusions
• taking decisions
• communicating and
understanding communication of others
• foretelling and
assuming
• handling apparatus
• using number
relationship
• using space - time
relationship
• predicting
• inferring
• making operational
definition
• interpreting data
Observing
Observation
is the process of acquiring knowledge through the five senses. Learning
experiences which provide the opportunity to use all the five senses may be
used.
Classifying
The process
of grouping information gained through observation, based on salient features
is called classifying. The ability to classify will vary according to the age,
maturity and cognitive level of the student.
Using number relationships
This
involves the analysis of available data, consolidation and meaningful
explanation using the language of mathematics. Learning experiences may provide
the opportunity to develop the skills of counting, addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and finding averages.
Measuring & Charting
As part of
data collection, the student will have to measure quantities such as length,
time, mass, temperature, force and density. What instruments are required for
this? How can these instruments be used? What is the level of accuracy expected
in measurements? How to record the data? All these are to be considered.
Using Space-time relationships
An in-depth
enquiry relating to shape, distance, movement, speed, accuracy, direction and
time comes under this area. It begins from identifying the shape, speed,
direction and other such features of objects.
Communicating and understanding
communication
It is
essential that knowledge developed is expressed in different ways - oral and
written. The students need opportunities to communicate through tables, graphs,
pictures, models, short writeups, descriptions and lectures and also to take
part in debates and discussions. Clarifying doubts by asking appropriate
questions is another skill in this area.
Predicting
An inquisite
person attempts to answer the question "if......... then?" and
proceeds to try out the guessed answer. Answer to this question is important in
science. The teacher expects the student to predict the outcome of various
events and experiments. Students need to develop the skill of predicting by
drawing on the knowledge gained through experiments and observations.
Inferring
A proper
inference can be drawn only if the student has good skills of analysis. The
defects in analysis of data will affect the quality of inference.
Making operational definitions
The meaning
of ideas need to be stated precisely and clearly to make them useful. This
helps in communication. Operational definitions may be incomplete and
temporary. But in given situations they can be logical and practical.
Formulating hypothesis
A hypothesis
is a temporary conclusion drawn using insight. A problem can have a number of
casual factors and solutions. Based on knowledge and experiences related to the
problem, the causes and solutions can be guessed. Such a guess is a hypothesis
and need to be tested out and rejected if disproved. Hypotheses which are
proved right become conclusions.
Interpreting data
Interpretation
of collected data may lead to new ideas and generalizations. Opportunities may
be provided for interpreting data and formation of new ideas.
Controlling variables
Variables
influence the result of experiments. For the experiment to be accurate and
scientific the variables are to be effectively controlled.
Experimenting
An experiment
is a planned activity to test the validity of hypotheses drawn. Experimentation
contains the process skills in an integrated way. It is the main method used by
scientists. Formulating methods to test the hypothesis, conducting experiments,
recording, interpretation of data and drawing conclusions are included in it.
In the new
approach of the curriculum, the student forms ideas and conclusions through
processes. Project activities, seminar presentations and experiments enable the
student to employ more than one process skill.
Taxonomy of science education
Science has
been given an important place in the curriculum because of some special values
provided only by science & not by any other subjects. The view that the
processes of science are important as the product has come into science
education. According to the taxonomy of science education formulated by Mc Cormack and Yager science education
emphasize five domains. They are:
1.
Knowledge
domain (Knowledge & understanding)
2.
Process
domain (Exploring & discovering)
3.
Creativity
domain (Imaging & creating)
4.
Attitudinal
domain (Feeling & valuing)
5.
Application
domain (Using & applying)
6.
Nature
of science domain (AAAS-1990, American Association for the Advancement of
Science)
KNOWLEDGE DOMAIN
Science students are
expected to know scientific principles and available scientific facts. It is
through science study that a clear idea about universal phenomena, the relation
between them and their explanations are gained. The following are primarily
included in this domain:
• Facts, Concepts, Rules,
Temporary inferences and laws used by scientists currently, Science and social
issues. An understanding of this area can be created through experiments and
observations, discussions, debates, project activities and references.
PROCESS
DOMAIN
A process could be defined
as a series of steps that aim at a particular result. The ability to identify
new ideas and analyze them to reach a conclusion is termed as process skills.
Process skills are developed by collecting ideas and proof and by arriving at
conclusions after deeper analysis. Concept formation is an essential factor of
not only science study, but the study of all subjects. It is on.
A few important process
skills:
• observing
• collecting and
recording data
• classifing
• measuring and
preparing chart
• explaining and
analysing data
• engaging in
experiments
• identifying and
controlling variables
• raising questions
• arriving at
generalisation
• identifying solutions
of problems
• formulating
hypothesis and examining it
• arriving at
conclusions
• taking decisions
• communicating and
understanding communication of others
• foretelling and
assuming
• handling apparatus
• using number
relationship
• using space - time
relationship
• predicting
• inferring
• making operational
definition
• interpreting data
Observing
Observation
is the process of acquiring knowledge through the five senses. Learning
experiences which provide the opportunity to use all the five senses may be
used.
Classifying
The process
of grouping information gained through observation, based on salient features
is called classifying. The ability to classify will vary according to the age,
maturity and cognitive level of the student.
Using number relationships
This
involves the analysis of available data, consolidation and meaningful
explanation using the language of mathematics. Learning experiences may provide
the opportunity to develop the skills of counting, addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and finding averages.
Measuring & Charting
As part of
data collection, the student will have to measure quantities such as length,
time, mass, temperature, force and density. What instruments are required for
this? How can these instruments be used? What is the level of accuracy expected
in measurements? How to record the data? All these are to be considered.
Using Space-time relationships
An in-depth
enquiry relating to shape, distance, movement, speed, accuracy, direction and
time comes under this area. It begins from identifying the shape, speed,
direction and other such features of objects.
Communicating and understanding
communication
It is
essential that knowledge developed is expressed in different ways - oral and
written. The students need opportunities to communicate through tables, graphs,
pictures, models, short writeups, descriptions and lectures and also to take
part in debates and discussions. Clarifying doubts by asking appropriate
questions is another skill in this area.
Predicting
An inquisite
person attempts to answer the question "if......... then?" and
proceeds to try out the guessed answer. Answer to this question is important in
science. The teacher expects the student to predict the outcome of various
events and experiments. Students need to develop the skill of predicting by
drawing on the knowledge gained through experiments and observations.
Inferring
A proper
inference can be drawn only if the student has good skills of analysis. The
defects in analysis of data will affect the quality of inference.
Making operational definitions
The meaning
of ideas need to be stated precisely and clearly to make them useful. This
helps in communication. Operational definitions may be incomplete and
temporary. But in given situations they can be logical and practical.
Formulating hypothesis
A hypothesis
is a temporary conclusion drawn using insight. A problem can have a number of
casual factors and solutions. Based on knowledge and experiences related to the
problem, the causes and solutions can be guessed. Such a guess is a hypothesis
and need to be tested out and rejected if disproved. Hypotheses which are
proved right become conclusions.
Interpreting data
Interpretation
of collected data may lead to new ideas and generalizations. Opportunities may
be provided for interpreting data and formation of new ideas.
Controlling variables
Variables
influence the result of experiments. For the experiment to be accurate and
scientific the variables are to be effectively controlled.
Experimenting
An experiment
is a planned activity to test the validity of hypotheses drawn. Experimentation
contains the process skills in an integrated way. It is the main method used by
scientists. Formulating methods to test the hypothesis, conducting experiments,
recording, interpretation of data and drawing conclusions are included in it.
In the new
approach of the curriculum, the student forms ideas and conclusions through
processes. Project activities, seminar presentations and experiments enable the
student to employ more than one process skill.
CREATIVITY
DOMAIN
Science
education is considered today as a process enabling the student only in
achieving certain scientific information. This is a point of view that totally
ignores the student's creativity and imagination. It is essential that the
student is able to deviate from the conventional path and think differently.
A few skills
pertaining to this domain is given below-
Ø Visualizing, formulating experiments
Ø Relating objects and concepts in new ways
Ø Identifying alternative/not usual uses for objects
Ø Finding solution for problems and puzzles
Ø Fantasizing
Ø Designing instruments and machines
Ø Dreaming'
Ø Different thinking
ATTITUDINAL
DOMAIN
One of the
main aims of Science Education is the desirable change in attitudes and value
teaching. It cannot be said that there is any benefit in daily life by science
education if there is no substantial change in perspective of life and in the
stand towards social or individual problems, even if concepts and process
skills are attained. It is commonly seen in our country that even people who
possess higher degrees in science adopt unscientific stands in day-to-day
issues. Therefore science education should examine the problem of skill
development in areas like attitudes, values, decision-taking etc, more closely.
factors that
may be included in this domain -
Ø Faith in one's abilities
Ø Ability to understand human feelings and respect them
Ø Expressing one's emotions and thoughts creatively
Ø Thinking rationally about individual values and taking decisions
accordingly.
APPLICATION
DOMAIN
The
concepts, processes and values become meaningless if the student cannot
implement them in daily life. Similarly, pure scientific principles and
concepts divorced from technology, will not have much relevance in daily life.
Scientific information is seen to be irrelevant for the student if it is not
related to daily life.
Ø These are some factors in the Application domain:
·
Observing instances of science
concepts in day-to-day life
·
Use the concepts and skills
gained to solve problems related to life.
·
Create an idea of science
concepts related to household appliances.
·
Ability to evaluate events and
developments related to science
·
Take scientific decision on
matters of food, health, life style etc.
·
Relating science to other
subjects
NATURE
OF SCIENCE DOMAIN
Science is an attempt to
reveal the mystery of nature through systematic investigation. This involves
applying thought, reasoning, logical thinking, critical thinking and so on.
Scientific knowledge is tentative. By
interacting with the society, a child develops a variety of notions about the
nature of science. A mere learning of scientific ideas and theories will not
enable the learner to understand the nature of science. At the beginning stage,
the student should go through concrete experiences that help him/her get
acquainted with various aspects of nature. A learner who possesses the spirit
of enquiry should be encouraged to discuss and share his/her findings with the
peer group. At every point during the lesson the student should feel like
asking 'How do you know that is right?' It is only when such questions arise
that the curriculum and the textbook and the teaching are justified. The
attributes of nature of science domain include :
Ø Raising
genuine questions
Ø Methodology
used in scientific research
Ø Team
approach in scientific research
Ø The
history of scientific ideas
Ø The
ways in which science builds understanding of the natural world.
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